Transcript Goal 2 B Greece

GREECE
Goal 2 – Part A
World History
Geography

Sea – surrounded by
Aegean, Ionian and
Black sea. Liquid
highways linked
Greece to other
societies. Sea’s made
for good trade and
travel.
Geography
Land – Rugged mtns covered 75% of Greece. Diffcult to
unite the Greeks under one government because of the
mountainous terrains and different regions.
 25% of land was farmable. Greeks could grow grains,
grapes and olives. Not a lot of water irrigation to support
large farms.
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Geography
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Climate – moderate temperatures for entire
country. Most spent time outdoor doing
outdoor activities.
Trojan War
1200 B.C. – Mycenaean’s
fight a 10 year war with
Troy.
 One of the major causes of
the war was control over
major waterway in that of
the Aegean Sea.
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Love Affair……
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Legend is that another
major cause of the war
was the love affair
between Prince Paris of
Troy and Helen of Sparta.
Married to Menelaus.
Paris kidnapped Helen and
made her Helen of Troy
Helen – most beautiful
known to man.
Writers and Greek Mythology
Homer – blind man,
who was the greatest
storyteller according
to Greek tradition.
 Epics – narrative
poem celebrating
heroic deeds.
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Iliad “wrath”
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Written by Homer
 About the epic battle
between Achilles and
Prince Hector of Troy.
 Iliad is the story of
Achilles and his wrath
against all.
The Odyssey
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Written by Homer
 10 year journey of
Odysseus and events
that were found
throughout his
journey.
Mythology
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Myths – traditional stories
sought to explain the
events in life.
Zeus – Ruler of the Gods
Hera – Wife and older
sister of Zeus; jealous of
Zeus and his relationship
with other women.
Athena – Goddess of
Wisdom, Zeus’s daughter.
Athens named for her.
750 – large
city states
were
created
 Polis –
political
unit that
included the
city and the
surrounding
countryside.
(50 – 500
square
miles)
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Politics
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Acropolis – a fortified
hilltop where the males of
the community conducted
meetings and business.
Monarchy – king or
monarch ruled
Aristocracy – small group
of nobles and landowners.
Very rich group of people
that gained wealth by being
in military for kings.
Oligarchy – ruled by few
powerful people.
Tyrants – powerful
individuals who gained
more power by gaining
support from the poor.
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Military
Bronze is replaced by
Iron.
 Rich were no longer
the only people that
were capable of
affording to
arm/defend
themselves.
 New Kind of army
formed with citizens.
 Phalanx – foot
soldiers standing side
by side with shields
and spears.
SPARTA = Military State
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2 parts to Spartan Government
1) Assembly – all free males, elected officials and
voted on major issues.
2) Council of Elders – propose laws for the
assembly to vote on.
 Ephors – 5 elected officials who carried out laws,
controlled education and prosecuted court cases.
SPARTA = Military State
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Population Groups:
1) Natives – original
descendants of 1st
inhabitants.
2) Non – Citizens, but free
merchants
3) Helots – Peasants
forced to stay on the land
they worked and kept half
of the crop they farm
4) Slaves
SPARTA = Military State
Women – managed estates
while the husbands were gone
either during the war or to the
polis. Could not vote and
when husband was home role
was to raise the children. Did
own property and were taught
reading and writing.
 Spartan Girls – Ran, Wrestled
and played sports.
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SPARTA =
Military State
King Leonidas
Spartan Boys – age of 7
left home and moved
into military barracks.
No shoes, tunics,
porridge and hard
benches were to make
the boys tough soldier
boys.
 600 – 371 B.C. – Most
Powerful Army in
Greece
 Values – Duty, Strength
and Discipline over
Individuality, Beauty
and Freedom.
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Athens = Free Thinkers
Democracy –
government that is
ruled by the people.
The people of Athens.
 Only free adult males
counted as citizens and
could participate in
political decisions.
 Slaves formed 1/3 of
population
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Athens = Free Thinkers
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Athenian women –
focused their attention
on child raising and
housework. No role in
government and very
little to do with the
city’s intellectual life.
Persian Wars
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Greece vs. Persian
Empire
 Battle of Marathon –
25,000 Persians cross
Aegean Sea to take on
10,000 Athenians.
 Athenians in
phalanxes withstood
the wave of Persians
who wore light armor
and had no training in
this type of fighting.
Persian War
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Xerxes marched untouched down coast of Greece.
Met resistant at Thermopylae of 7,000 Greeks
(300 Spartans).
Persian War
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Greeks felt a sense of pride and confidence
after they drove out the Persian Threat.
 Athens became the leader an 140 city-states
alliance called the Delian League.
 Athens enters “Golden Age” in poetry,
drama, sculpture, philosophy, architecture
and science for next 50 years.
Goal 2 – 3 goals for Athens
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Pericles – politician and general
1) strengthen Athenian democracy - direct
democracy – gov’t in which citizens rule
directly
2) strengthen empire – created a strong navy
and control trade in surrounding waterways.
3) glorify Athens – bought gold, ivory and
marble - Parthenon
Goal 2 – Drama
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Plays were a tribute to
the gods and civc
pride.
 Tragedy – serious
drama about love,
hate, war and betrayal.
 Comedy – scenes with
crude humor and
slapstick situations.
Goal 2 – Peloponnesian War
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Sparta declares war on
Athens in 431 B.C.
because Athens is
becoming a vast Naval
empire. Both sides
push for war.
 Sparta gains edge
when Athens is hit by
plague and victory at
Syracuse.
Goal 2 - Philosophers
Socrates – believed absolute
standards existed for truth and
justice.
 Plato – student of Socrates, wrote
the republic, perfectly governed
society
 Aristotle – questioned the nature of
the world and human belief and
thought.
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Goal 2 - Alexander
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Alexander takes over
Macedonia when King
Phillip is murdered.
 King Phillip had made
Macedonia a power
with his professional
army and new
phalanxes tactics
(16x16)
Goal 2 - Alexander
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Alexander was only
20 when he became
king of Macedonia.
Taught by Aristotle,
aspired to be Achilles.
 Alexander secured
Greece, invaded
Perisa, marched into
Egypt and throughout
SW Asia and India.
Goal 2 - Alexander
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Alexander dies at age 33 from fever.
 Alexander’s empire would be split into 3 parts.
Blend of Egyptian, Greek and Eastern customs.
Goal 2 – Hellenistic Culture
After Alexander’s death, a vibrant new
culture emerged.
 Greek culture (Helenic) blended with
Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences.
 The African city of Alexandria became the
foremost center of commerce and
Hellenistic civilization.
 Set at mouth of Nile River. (Beautiful)
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Science and Technology
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During the Hellenisitic
period, the center of
scholarship gradually
shifted away from
Athens and moved to
Alexandria.
 Here that modern
Astronomy began to
be studied
Hipparchus
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Greek Astronomer
who invented the
system of longitude
and latitude used on
maps and sky charts.
Mathematics and Physics
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Euclid-highly
regarded
mathematician who
opened school of
geometry in
Alexandria.
Physics
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Archimedes-studied at
Alexandria.
Accurately estimated
the value of Pie!
 Also explained law of
the lever, and invented
the Archimedes Screw
and the catapult!