Transcript Regents Review - Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece
The Geography of Greece
Geography
• Peninsula- Mediterranean /
Aegean Seas
• Sea = trade, ideas
• Mountain Valleys divide into
city-states
• Rocky Islands limit fertile land
Agriculture
• Good climate but bad terrain (very
mountainous)
– Hilly ground: grapes
– Rocky soil: olives
– Good soil: corn and wheat
• Sea was very important
– Homer describes various fishing methods
using hooks, nets, and harpoon in both the
Iliad and the Odyssey
Bronze Age Greece
Crete: Minoan Civilization
(Palace at Knossos)
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
Early Greeks on Crete
The Mycenaean Civilization
*1st Greek speakers
*Seatraders
*Influenced by Egypt
*Trojan War- economic
Rivalry W/ Troy
Trojan War
• About 1200 B.C., the
Mycenaeans fought the
Trojan War with the city of
Troy in Anatolia
• At the same time, foreigners
invaded the Mycenaean
homeland
• From 1100 to 800 B.C.,
chaos reigned throughout
the eastern Mediterranean
• In the absence of a
centralized state or empire,
local institutions took the
lead in restoring political
order to Greece
– City-states
The Trojan Horse
GREEK GODS
• Polytheists- gods live
on Mt Olympus
• Common Greek culture
forms
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ZEUS = god, humans
HERA= marriage
POSEIDON = sea
APHRODITE = love
ARES = war
ATHENA = wisdom
Homer: The “Heroic Age”
*Wandering blind poet
*Wrote Iliad and
Odyssey
“Every man make up
his mind to fight and
move on his
enemy…It’s hard for
me to face so many
men and with all at
once.. And yet I will”
- Achilles (the Iliad)
Vocabulary
–Polis = city-state
–Acropolis = High city within polis
–Monarchy = King with central power
–Aristocracy = Rule by landholding elite
–Oligarchy = Small, powerful elite
business class rule
–Phalanx= formation of heavily armed
soldiers
ATHENS: Yesterday & Today
Most powerful Greek
city - state
Piraeus: Athens’ Port City
Early Athens
Monarchy
Aristocracy
-
People begin to resent nobles,
wants rights
-
Democracy = Gov’t by the
people
Sparta
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City-State in south
Many captured slaves = strict society
Gov’t = 2 kings & council
Military society- boys age 7 -30= live in barracks,
train
• Isolated, frowned on trade, wealth = no new ideas,
art, etc…
• Becomes rival of Athens- compete for power,
influence in Greek world
Athenian democracy
• Males can
vote
• 500 man
legislature
• Slaves,
women – no
rights
• Boys are
educated
Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE
•Athens &
Sparta vs.
Persia
•Victories @
Marathon &
Thermopylae =
Greeks win
•Believe gods
protect
superior form
of gov’t
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
$ Marathon (490 BCE)
§ 26 miles from Athens
$ Thermopylae (480 BCE)
§ 300 Spartans at the
Mountain pass
$ Salamis (480 BCE)
§ Athenian navy victorious
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
•Direct Democracy- all
males, regardless of wealth /
class
•Salaries paid to elected
officials (poor can serve)
•Assembly meets often6,000 + needed to vote
•“power is in the hands, not
of a minority, but the whole
people”- Pericles
Great Athenian Philosophers
$ Philospher
§ “Lover of Wisdom”
§ Believe events not caused by whim of
gods
§ Observe / reason to find real cause
$ Examples
§ Socrates
§ Plato
Aristotle
Great Athenian Philosophers
$ Socrates
§ Questions everything
§ Controversial?
§ Executed at age 70 for
“corrupting youth and
disrespecting gods”
Great Athenian Philosophers
»Plato
*Ideal state not democracy
- Workers produce
- Soldiers defend
- Philosophers rule
- Wisest = Leader
Great Athenian Philosophers
• Aristotle
–Favors gov’t
led by single
virtuous
leader
–Democracy =
mob rule
Athens: The Arts & Sciences
$ DRAMA (tragedians):
§ Aeschylus
§ Sophocles
§ Euripides
$ THE SCIENCES:
§ Pythagoras
§ Democritus all matter made up of
small atoms.
§ Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”
Phidias’ Acropolis
The Acropolis Today
The Parthenon
*Built on the acropolis during the reign of Pericles
* Symbol of democracy, classic Greek Architecture
Influence of Greek Architecture
The Parthenon
The Lincoln Memorial
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
Great runner, four times
victor at the Games,
But for a war you would
have known no fame.
Though exiled from the
bubbling springs of
home,
Your swift pace made a
new land's fields your
own.
- Pindar, Olympian Ode
12, 460BC
Olympia: Temple to Hera
The 2004 Olympics
SPARTA
SPARTA
Forms Peloponnesian League to counter
Athens’ Delian League
Peloponnesian Wars
•Sparta
defeats
Athens
•Geography
•Disease
•Persia
Macedonia Under Philip II
Alexander the Great
•Forms vast empire
•Cultures blendGreek ideas spread
•Alexandria=Egypt.
City between 3
continents
•Stoicism=philosoph
y of life- avoid
desires &
disappointments by
accepting life calmly
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Alexander the Great in Persia
The Hellenization of Asia
Pergamum: A Hellenistic City
The Economy of the Hellenistic World
Hellenistic Philosophers
$ Cynics
Diogenes
§ ignore social conventions &
avoid luxuries.
§ citizens of the world.
§ live a humble, simple life.
$ Epicurians
Epicurus
§ avoid pain & seek pleasure.
§ all excess leads to pain!
§ politics should be avoided.
Hellenistic Philosophers
$ Stoics
Zeno
§ nature is the expansion of divine
will.
§ concept of natural law.
§ get involved in politics, not for
personal gain, but to
perform virtuous acts for the good
of all.
§ true happiness is found in
great achievements.
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
$ Scientists / Mathematicians:
§ Aristarchus heliocentric theory.
§ Euclid
geometry
§ Archimedes pulley
$ Hellenistic Art:
§ More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic
art.
§ Showed individual emotions, wrinkles,
and age!
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire