Chapter 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity
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Transcript Chapter 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity
Section 3
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The “Pax Romana” brought order and peace to the
Roman empire
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Aqueduct: artificial
channels for carrying
water
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Augustus
Tiberius
Claudius
Nero
Marcus Aurelius
Galen
Ptolemy
Virgil
Livy
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Appian Way
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Octavian, later known as
Augustus, claimed to
support the republic but
actually laid the
foundation for a new
state called the Roman
empire
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Augustus was made
consul, tribune, and
commander in chief for
life in 27 B.C.
Gave himself the title of
Augustus—or “Majestic
One”
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Forty years of reign—27
B.C. to 14
Rebuilt Rome
Patron of the arts
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Proconsuls could not
exploit the provinces
Official tax collectors
Grain imported from
Africa so all could eat
New/repaired roads
Magnificent buildings
built
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Pax Romana—Roman
peace--began 31 B.C.
Lasted 200 years
Some disturbances with
new emperors
Augustus failed to write
law on selection of new
emperors
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Emperors ruling A.D. 14 to 68 were called Julians—
each related to Julius caesar
Each showed early promise then great faults
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Nero
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Augustus’s adopted son
Accused innocent people
of treason
No significant
achievements
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Tiberius’ grand nephew
Became mentally
disturbed and was killed
by a palace guard A.D. 41
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Caligula’s uncle
Renowned scholar, but
unable to focus of
matters of state as he got
older
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Claudius’ stepson
Cruel, probably insane
Bankrupted Rome to pay
for his pleasures—horse
racing and music
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Suspecting others of
plotting against him—
today’s--killed many
senators, his wife, and
his mother
Senate sentenced him to
death for treason
Committed suicide
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Known as effective administrators and support of
large building projects
Senate selected them—beginning A.D. 96
-Nerva
-Trajan
-Hadrian
-Antonius Pius
-Marcus Aurelius
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Trajan
Increased the empire to
greatest size
The Roman Empire was
never larger than under
Trajan’s rule
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Hadrian
Strengthen Rome’s
military position
Built Hadrian’s Wall
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Hadrian’s Wall stretched
73 miles across England
to help protect that
frontier from invaders
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Maintained the Empires
prosperity
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Brought the Empire to
height of economic
prosperity
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Good emperors lived
with stoic philosophy
“Every moment think
steadily as a Roman and
a human being how to
do what you have in
hand with perfect and
simple dignity”
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Augustus set the
standard
Augustus chose
professional governors
rather than letting the
Senate appoint
inexperienced
proconsuls every year
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In some provinces,
Augustus let local kings
rule conquered lands
Built roads--mobility
Personally inspected
provinces
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Augustus served as
pontifex maximus
Chief priest of Rome
He and each emperor
became head of a
national, unifying
religion
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At first, the Romans
established two legal
systems (two laws)
“ Jus gentium”: law that
dealt with non-citizens,
“jus civile” or citizen law
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By early A.D. 200s, all
free males in the empire
were made full citizens
of Rome
Two laws became one.
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Romans stressed the
authority of state over
the individual
Individual rights
stressed, however: e.g.,
the right of accused
innocent until proven
guilty
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The Roman system of
law formed the basis for
legal systems of many
Western nations and the
Christian Church
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Augustus and successors
maintained the army, but
reduced number of
legions
By A.D. 160, invasions by
outsiders was problem
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Reductions due to
“peaceful conditions”
300,000 troops not
enough to maintain
4,000 mile border
Question: Does the lack
of conflict mean nations
are at peace?
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Stability of “Pax
Romana”, 31 B.C. to A.D.
180, boosted trade,
raised living standards,
and made achievements
“…every country is open
to commerce…”
Turtullian--author
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More people became
moderately well off but,
the majority of people
were still poor
Most Romans lived in
flimsy wooden
apartment buildings of
six or seven stories that
readily collapsed or
caught fire
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Despite trying
conditions, the poor did
not rebel, because the
government offered both
free bread and free
entertainment: “bread
and circuses”
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The family became less
significant
Romans had fewer
children and were likely
to divorce and remarry
several times
Question: Can you draw
an analogy of the
Romans and the
Americans?
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The poor did not rebel
against the government
because it offered them
free bread and
entertainment
Appeasing the people
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Circus Maximus—an
arena holding 150,000
people
By A.D. 160, Romans
were celebrating holidays
130 days a year
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Many impressive
buildings
Circus Maximus
Colosseuem
Pantheon—temple to
the gods
Used concrete—new
material
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Roads
Appian Way
50,000 miles of total
roads linking provinces
Aqueducts
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Use of Etruscan arch and
dome to build aqueducts
Greek columns
supported porches build
around the city
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Romans adapting
Used Greek physician
Galen’s ideas to form
their medicine
Used Egyptian
astronomer Ptolemy’s
ideas for astronomy
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Greek slaves taught young men and women in homes
Wealthy young men-academies
Wealthy young women-home
Lower classes-basic knowledge of reading, writing, and
arithmetic
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Latin—official language
Smaller alphabet than Greeks
Official language of Europe until A.D.1500s
Basis of romance languages
Italian
French
Spanish
Portuguese
Romanian
Also, root words for half of English words
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Achieved elegance and power
Cicero—senator—famous elegant speeches
Ovid—wrote “Metamorphoses”—about Greek
mythology
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Horace—Odes—about shortness of life and
importance of companionship
Virgil—Aeneid--epic poem
Livy—monumental history of Rome
Tacitus—Germania—contrasted robust life of the
Germans with the weak and pleasure-loving life of the
Romans
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