Transcript Imperial Expansion and the Punic Wars

Imperial Expansion
and the Punic Wars
External Threats
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Sabines, Alba Longa
Veii
Lars Porsenna
Lake Regillus (496BC)
Volscii, and Aequi
The renegade, Corlioanus
Cincinnatus
The Latin League (30 citystates)(50/50split)
• patron – client relationship
• ager publicus
• coloniae
War with Veii
• access to the Tiber,
salt beds, and ager
publicus
• Fidemae
• 10 years to 396BC
• stipendium
• M. Furius Camillus
• praeda
Gallic Sack of Rome 390BC
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Gauls? Celts?
weakening of Etruria
Senones led by Brennus
realpolitik of Syracuse?
siege of Clusium
siege of Capitoline citadel
vae victis!
Po River Valley (Bonnie
and Clyde)
• psychological effect
End of the Latin League
• consolidation of central Italy from 380-350BC
(animosity between Rome and the Latin
League)
• alliance with the Samnites
• ius Latii, citizenship, citizenship sine suffragio,
socii, municipiae
• “spare the conquered, battle down the proud”
• divide and conquor
THINK PAIR SHARE:
In these early years of expansion,
to what extent is the casus belli a
real threat to Rome? In other
words, in what ways are these wars
caused by real threats or are they
the product of a Roman desire for
expansion? Must Rome’s response
be martial?
Samnite Wars
• Campania and the First Samnite War (340’sBC)
• Coloniae, Neapolis (Naples), and the Second Samnite War
(320’sBC)
• Battle of the Claudine Forks and Battle of Lautulae
• Etruscans join Samnites
• VE 308BC/ VS 304BC
• Via Appia and Aqua Appia (Censor Appius Claudius)
• maniples, gladius, pilum
• Etruscans, Gauls, and the Third Samnite War (298BC)
• Battle of Sentinum
• municipiae, Gauls hemmed in the Po River Valley, and
Greek city-states in the South
Pyrrhic War
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Tarantum
King Pyrrhus of Epirus
war elephants
Pyrrhic Victories at Heraclea
and Ausculum
• alliance with Carthage
• while leaving Sicily: “What a
field we are leaving for the
Romans and Carthiginians to
exercise their arms.”
• Rome, master of Italy
THINK PAIR SHARE:
In what ways is Rome’s economy
tied into warfare and the military?
What are the consequences of this
relationship?
The Punic Wars
• Phoenician city
founded 814BC by
Queen Dido
• greatest
Mediterranean sea
power
• 4 million subjects &
stories of sailors in
South Africa and
Ireland
• ran by a “board of
directors”
• minimal class
conflict
• mercenary army
The First Punic War
• Mamertines at Messana (288BC)
• Hiero II, King of Syracuse (265BC)
• Carthigian aid, Roman aid (declaration by comitia
centuriata, arguments by the Claudii vs. Fabii,
discussion of Regium, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica)
• Hanno forfeits Messana
• Carthigianian/ Syracusean siege of Messana
• early Roman victories in Sicily
• defection of Hiero (foreign cliens)
• seige of Agrigentum (two walls)
The First Punic War
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Roman triremes and Carthiginian quinquiremes
beached quinquireme, and the corvus
Mylae (260BC) and the columna rostrata
Roman invasion of Corsica and Sardinia
Naval Battle of Ecnomus, invasion of North Africa
(256BC), the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus, the hubris
or Regulus, the Battle of Bagradas, and the dismissal of
Xanthippus.
• 247BC – Hamilcar Barca leads Carthiginian forces in
Sicily; asymmetrical war based at Mt. Etna
• war of attrition, 9 year siege of Lilybaelum, P. Claudius
Pulcher’s raid, and auspices.
• victory at the Aegates Islands (241BC)
The End of the First Punic War
• Carthiginian withdrawal from
Sicily
• war indemnity
• mare noster
• acquisition of Corsica and
Sardinia
• evolution of provincia
• perseverance of Senate and socii
• Carthage involved in Mercenary
War (238BC)
• Rome fights a series of Illyrian
Wars against pirates, and
conquers Cisalpine Gaul, settling
the Po River Valley
THINK PAIR SHARE:
In what ways does the First Punic
War guarantee and also shape the
Second Punic War? What other
ways could have the First Punic
War concluded that would have
better provided for a peaceful
future between these two powers?
The Outbreak of the Second Punic War
• Hamilcar in Spain
– new territory (New
Carthage and Barcelona)
– precious metals “the new
world of the old world”
– establishment of dynasty
– Romans wary of Gauls
• Ebro River Treaty
• Saguntum
• Hannibal (221BC)
Crossing into Italy
• Publius Cornelius Scipio (the
Elder) sent to Spain (Gnaeus
pushes onwards)
• Hannibal leaves Hasdrubal with
an army of 16,000. He sets out
with 80,000 infantry, 12,000
cavalry, and elephants
• crossing of the Rhodenus (Rhone)
• crossing the Alps
• c. ½ Carthiginian army emerges
Alps, and 1-handful of elephants
• Tributaries of the Po, injury of
Cornelius Scipio (the Elder),
presence of Cornelius Scipio (the
Younger)
Trebia River Battle (218BC)
• T. Sempronius
Longus
• Hannibal baits
the Romans
• Mago’s
Ambush
• 20,000
Romans KIA
• loss of
northernmost
Italy
Battle of Lake Trasimene (217BC)
• swamps and eye
• G Flaminius and
Gn. Servilius
Geminus
• 30,000 Romans
KIA
• 10,000 captured
• 4,000
reinforcements
destroyed
• Sanguineto
Fabius Maximus “Cunctator”,
dictator
• Fabian Tactics
• escape of Hannibal
from Campania
• socii in central Italy
remain loyal
Cannae (215BC)
• G. Terentius
Varro (hubris) &
Lucius Aemilius
Paullus (reserve)
• Numidian
Cavalry
• Pincer
Movement
• hamstrings
• 50-70,000
Roman KIA
• 11,000 captured
• Capua, Syracuse
(Sicily), Macedon
defect to
Carthiginians
Turning Point
• “Hannibal at the Gates”
• seizure of power by senate, merit
based political advancement, and
return to Fabian Tactics
• M. Claudius Marcellus in Sicily,
death of Archimedes
• Gn. and P. Cornelius Scipio in Spain
(since 217BC), both killed in 211BC
• P. Cornelius Scipio (the Younger,
later, Africanus)
• cult of personality, aristea,
prorogatio
• capture of New Carthage (209BC)
• Battle of Metaurus (207BC) and the
decapitation of Hasdrubal Barca
The End of the Second Punic War
• Scipio, imperator and
consul in Africa
(204BC)
• fall of Utica
• recall of Hannibal
• Massinissa of Numidia
• Battle of Zama (202BC)
• Hannibal escapes
• acquisition of Spain,
and northern Africa
• 50 year war indemnity
THINK PAIR SHARE:
It is often said that the Second
Punic War is defined by great
generalship? Is this the case?
The Macedonian Wars
• First Macedonian War, “phony war”, Philip V of Macedon,
Carthaginian ally, trapped in the East
• Philip V becomes an ally to Antiochus III of Syria. Smaller
Greek states (Rhodes, Pergamum, Aetolian League) seek aid
from Rome (clientela)
• Second Macedonian War (200-196BC), Philip ordered to
dismantle fleet, Aetolians defect to Antiochus, Hannibal
leads armies of Antiochus
• Syrian Wars (192-189BC), Romans invade Asia Minor, Scipio
faces off again against Hannibal
• Third Macedonian War (172-167BC), new players (Perseus of
Macedon, and Antiochus IV), Battle of Pydna, Perseus as
Rome’s captive, devastation of Epirus, Greek freedom
• massive influx of slaves, Rome as master of Italy, Spain, N.
Africa, Greece, Asia Minor, and Syria
Third Punic War (149-146BC)
• M. Porcius Cato:
“Carthago delenda
est”
• Numidian (Client) King
Massinissa captures
territory from
Carthage
• Macedonian Rebellion
(praetors and
provinciae)
• 146BC – Destruction of
Corinth and Carthage
Effects of War and Imperial Expansion
on Roman Society
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fear of northern invaders
professional military
praeda
displaced soldiers look to
commanders as patrons
provincial administration
and tax farming
philHellenism
centrality of the Senate,
nobilitas, cult of
personality, aristea, honor,
and imperium
16 novi homines between
264 and 134BC