Transcript Ancient Greeks

Ancient Greece
700 B.C. – 400 B.C.
The Early Greeks
Geography of Greece
• Mainland Greece is a
___________, a body of land
with water on 3 sides
• Ionian Sea – West; Aegean
Sea - East; Mediterranean Sea
– South
• Ancient Greeks were
fishermen, sailors, traders, and
farmers
• Rocky soil made it hard to
farm, but they did grow wheat,
barley, olives and grapes
The Minoans
• 1st civilization in Greece (Island of _________)
• __________________– kings palace that reveal the riches of
people such as wine, oil, jewelry and statues
• Collapsed around 1450 B.C. – historians disagree about the cause
• 1st use of indoor plumbing
The First Greek Kingdoms
• The first Greek kings were Mycenaean leaders who invaded Greek
mainland around 1900B.C.
• Traded with Minoans
• Before its collapse around 1100 B.C. – the most powerful civilization in
Mediterranean
• 1100 B.C. – 150 B.C. the Dark Age occurred (less trade and poverty)
• ____________ invaded Greece – bring new weapons and farming
technology
• Copied Phoenician alphabet. Greek alphabet had _______ letters
A Move to Colonize
• After ___________, Greek people began to set up colonies in other
countries – spread Greek culture
• Trade grew – merchants trading for money rather than other goods.
The Polis
• ________ (or City-State) – was like an independent country; varied
in size and population.
• ___________, located at a top of a hill, was the main gathering
place.
• _________ – a marketplace in an open area to buy goods and
discuss issues
• 1st people to develop the idea of citizenship, where people are
treated equally and have rights and responsibilities
– Only free, native-born, land-owning men could be citizens
– Citizens could vote, hold office and own property
• The military of city-states was made up of citizens, not nobles. These
citizens were called ________
ancient agora
Hoplites
Sparta and Athens
Tyranny in the City-States
• Nobles, who owned large farms, seized power from Greek Kings
• Farmers owed money to nobles – could not pay back debt; farmers
sold into slavery
• Farmers unhappy – led to ________, or people who take power by
force and rule with total authority
• Tyrants overthrew nobles during 600’s B.C.
• The Greek people, tired of tyrants created oligarchies.
___________ is a form of government which a few people hold
power.
• ___________ is a form of government in which all citizens share
power.
– Sparta – ____________
– Athens - ____________
Sparta
• _________ – slaves of the Spartan society
• Strong military of boys and men
– Age 7 - all boys enter military
– Age 20 – all boys enter regular army
– Age 30 men return home, but serve in army until 60 years of age
• Spartan girls were trained in sports to be healthy mothers
• oligarchy containing two branches: _______________and a Assembly
• kept foreigners out, discourage own people from leaving
Spartan
Territory
Athens
• Boys in Athens attended school and learned to read and write
• Athenian girls learned household chores
• A noble named _______ reformed the government of Athens in 594 B.C.
• A tyrant, Peisistratus, seized power 30 years after Solon’s reforms
• _____________ took power in 508 B.C. He created a democracy in
Athens
Solon
– Gave assembly more power
– Created new council to carry out duties
– Members of the council were chosen by lottery
Cleisthenes
Greek Gods
The Titans, also known as the elder gods, ruled the earth before the Olympians overthrew
them. The ruler of the Titans was Cronus who was de-throned by his son Zeus. Most of the
Titans fought with Cronus against Zeus and were punished by being banished to Tartarus.
During their rule the Titans were associated with the various planets.
Gaea
Uranus
Cronus
Rhea
Atlas
Gaea is the Earth goddess. She mated with her son Uranus to produce the
remaining Titans
Uranus is the sky god and first ruler
His wife was Rhea. There offspring were the first of the Olympians. To
insure his safety Cronus ate each of the children as they were born. This
worked until Rhea, unhappy at the loss of her children, tricked Cronus into
swallowing a rock, instead of Zeus. When he grew up Zeus would revolt
against Cronus and the other Titans, defeat them, and banish them to
Tartarus in the underworld
Rhea was the wife of Cronus
Atlas fought with the other Titans supporting Cronus against Zeus. As
punishment – must hold the world on his back
Poseidon
Gaea
Apollo
Hermes
Aphrodite
Zeus
Stadiums
Ancient Greek Stadium
Ancient Greek Amphitheater
Ohio Stadium
Michigan stadium
Seating capacity
105,565
112,118
Neyland Stadium
Largest:: Indianapolis Speedway (250,000)
104,079
Olympics
• The Olympics were held in Olympia
– the oldest religious site in ancient
Greece
The traditional origin of the marathon comes from the
story how a herald named Phidippides ran the 26
miles from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek
victory and died on the spot. Phidippides was sent by
the Athenians to Sparta to ask for help – most likely
never happened
• The Olympics
were open to any
free-born Greek.
Women were not
allowed to attend
– punishable by
death
Attacks such as breaking
your opponent's fingers
were permitted! Ouch!
Events:
•
•
Boxing
Equestrian events
–
–
•
•
Chariot racing
Riding
Pankration (wrestling/boxing)
Pentathlon
–
–
–
–
–
•
•
Boxing – No rules against
hitting them on the ground
Discus
Javelin
Jump
Running
Wrestling
Running
Wrestling
This was a 5-event combination of discus,
javelin, jumping, running and wrestling.
Persia Attacks the Greeks
The Persian Empire
• They were warriors and nomads who lived in __________ (Iran)
• _____________united the Persians. Conquered Mesopotamia,
Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan and Phoenicia
• ________ came to power in 521 B.C. and reorganized the
government
– Divided into satrapies (provinces)
• Each satrap had a ruler
• Persia military known as ______________
• ________________ – religion of Persia (founded by Zoroaster)
- Believed in one god, freedom of humans, and triumph of good
Cyrus the Great
Darius
Immortals
EXTENT OF PERSIAN EMPIRE
The Persian Wars
• After failed rebellion by Greeks, Darius decided punish city
• _________________________(490 B.C.)
– Outside of Athens; stunning defeat of the Persians by the Greeks
• After the death of Darius, son Xerxes vowed revenge
• Athens and Sparta united to stop Persian army at Thermopylae Pass Greeks defeated
• ____________________________
– Greeks used faster, smaller boats to defeat Persian fleet
– Persian Army entered Athens and destroyed it
• Greeks eventually defeated Persian army at the __________________
PERSIAN WARS
Persian Empire Falls
• Weakened by war
• Rulers heavily taxed their people
• In-fighting among later rulers
Age of Pericles
The Athenian Empire
• Joined forces with other city-states – _______________
• Moved League from Delos to Athens
• ____________________– people vote first hand on laws and
policies
• ____________________– people select smaller groups to vote for
them
• _____________ – leader of Athens for 30 years, promoted
democracy
– Age of Pericles
• Time of creativity and learning.
• Promoted artist, writing, architecture, and philosophy
Daily Life in Athens
• 400 B.C. – population around ______________ people
• most families owned slaves (Helots)
• farmers grew grain vegetables, fruit, olives and grapes. Little farmland – import
grain from other places
• Herders raised sheep and goats for wool, milk and cheese
• became the trading center of the Greek world. Merchants traded jewelry, pottery
• Athenian women were responsible for caring for children and household
- No political rights
- ____________ – well-educated influential woman of Greece
Aspasia
Peloponnesian War
• Other city-states along with Sparta became
suspicious of Athens. These city-states joined
together against Athens –
__________________
• Pericle’s funeral oration reminded Athenians
about democracy and gave them courage to
continue fighting.
• Athenians moved inside their walled city.
• A disease killed more than 1/3 of the people
inside Athens’ wall, including Pericle’s
• Athenians eventually surrendered to the
Spartan army.