Transcript Economic Independence

The Agricultural Revolution
Surplus,
Cities,
Trade,
Empire
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Modern Man
 Homo Sapiens Sapiens Appear c. 40-50,000bp
 In 2nd half of the last glacial period (70-12,000bp)
 At end of ice age climate still sub-arctic w/ frequent
rain/drought
– Humankind  still cave-dwelling hunter
– Cave-art show bows & flint-tipped arrows
 Warming
period after last ice age. 8500 bce
– Change in vegetation  dryer, increased reliance
on grasses that grew in mountain foothills
– Extinction of large mammals  mammoths, mastodons
– Humankind adapts to changes
– Supplements meager diet with wild wheat
– Flint sickles, mortar & pestles
 “Incipient
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agriculture”  not yet planting the crop
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The Mountains Surrounding Mesopotamia
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“Agricultural Revolution”
c. 6,000 bce (8,000 bp)
 Cultivation
of wheat & barley begins on mountain
slops of large, arid, river valleys
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Tigris-Euphrates & Indus rivers
Dry-farming (rain and small streams diverted via ditch)
Fired pottery, polished stone tools
Domestication of goats, pigs, cattle
earliest villages
Cultivation  created humankind’s 1st “SURPLUS”
 Surplus
 permitted increased population
 Increasing population led to…
pressure to move down into flat, arid valley
 But
, how control the irregular flow of big rivers?
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Taming the Rivers

Built Levees & Canals
Large scale irrigation

Two key results of irrigated cultivation

1. Required social organization  government
2. Much larger “Surplus”  leads to…
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Not everyone had to farm  specialized crafts, military
1st large towns, (Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Umma, & others)
These soon became city states c. 3500 bce
Urban culture
Elite governing classes (priests)
Division of population into “Social Classes”
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Other important Developments
in Tigris-Euphrates river valley
to keep records of surplus Writing
 Wheel
 Bronze (copper & tin)
 Brick & stone buildings (private & public)
 Legal system  Hammarubi Code
 City-states unified
 Need

 First
empire created

SUMER
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Sumer
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Sumer
3200 – 2360
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Similar Development in
Other large River Valleys
 Tigris
& Euphrates Rivers
 Nile River
 Indus River (flowing from the Himalayas)
 Huang-Ho
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River Valleys not self-sufficient,
lacked…
 Minerals
(copper for bronze),
wood,
spices
 How
obtain???
TRADE
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How do ancients become
powerful empires?
 Be
by a water source
 Use irrigation to develop agricultural
surplus
 Use surplus to:
– TRADE
– free some people for other things
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Some Ancient Traders
1.
Sumerians
5.
Phoenicians
2.
Babylonians
6.
Romans
3.
Egyptians
7.
Chinese
4.
Minoans - Greeks
8.
Parthians
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Mesoptamia
2500 - 1700
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The Egyptians
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Egyptian Trade
2850-715
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The Egyptians
 Exported
papyrus, linen, grain
 Imported ivory, ebony, leopard skins,
ostrich eggs and plumes, gold, cattle and
slaves from Nubia (Kush), wood from the
Levant
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The Minoans
2600 - 1425
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The Mycenaens
1350
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The Early Greeks
 Minoans
control Crete - 1600 BC
 Greeks learned to combine tin and copper to
make bronze
 Mycenaeans traded bronze , pottery, hides,
timber, wine, olive oil for tin, copper, ivory,
linen, papyrus, and rope
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Athens
 Athenians
couldn’t feed themselves so they
exported olive oil, wine, and pottery for
grain from Russia and timber from
Macedonia
 Athens was the largest importer of grain in
the ancient world
 Athenian fleet determined Athenian
supremacy - paid for with silver from
Athenian mines
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The Greeks
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The Phoenicians
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Phoenicians=Canaanites
=Lebanese
 Traded
for 1000 years, opening the Mediterranean
 Timber = Cedars of Lebanon, supplied Greeks,
Egyptians, Israelites (Temple of Solomon)
 Large jars filled with wine and olive oil
 Skilled laborers
 Distribution center for Egyptian goods including
papyrus, linen and ivory - Byblos = book, Bible
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The Phoenicians
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Phoenicians
 Cut
off from land to the east, they became
masters of the sea - Tyre, Sidon, Beirut
 At first, stayed close, trading for copper
from Cyprus and wool from Rhodes
 Eventually sailed by night and out of sight
of land.
 Through Gibraltar to Moroccan Coast
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Phoenicians
 Established
colonies including Carthage
 Eventually sailed north - Spain, Ireland, England
 Huge demand for metals - gold and silver, copper
and tin needed to turn copper into bronze, iron
 Phoenicians most famed export were brilliantly
dyed textiles - murex - Phoenicia from Greek purple dye
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Mediterranean and Black Seas
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The Silk Road
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The Parthians
 Controlled
the Silk Road
 Connected
Rome in the West with India and
China in the East
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The Chinese
 Supplied
jade, porcelain, silk
 Obtained spices and supplied rest of world
 Silk road to Rome
 Some claim they traded with South America
 Pulled back in 15th century because of
expense
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The Silk Road
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Mediterranean and Black Seas
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