Transcript File

9.4: CANCER (31.6)
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Compare benign and
malignant tumors
Explain how cancer
treatments can work at
the cellular level.
Research and report on
myriad types of cancer.
A tumor showing
angiogenesis
Cell division controls
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Cells grown in lab will
grow across petri dish
until they touch another
cell or the edges
Cyclin is a protein that
regulates cell growth
Other proteins control the
steps of cell cycle thus
control growth
How cancer relates to mitosis
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Cancer is the uncontrolled
division of cells
Cancerous cells do not respond
to normal growth controls, grow
until all food is gone
Thought to be caused by
changes in genes controlling
mitosis
Form masses of tissues called
tumors
Can be caused by smoking,
pollution, radiation, some viruses
and some are inherited
Compare diploid and haploid number
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Diploid: cell that contains
two of each kind of
chromosome (2N)
Body cells are diploid
Haploid: cell with only one
kind of chromosome (N)
Gametes (sex cells) are
haploid
Cancer
Cells gone wild
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Cell loses mechanisms to
control mitosis
Cell divides rapidly
Cell produces daughter cells
that are not functional, normal
clones
Cancer cells have no
function in body
Apoptosis – cell “suicide”
Cancer Cells
Crazy, hungry, dysfunctional beasts
Display “non-self” antigens
T cells and B cells attack
Tumors
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Tumors develop when immune
surveillance breaks down or is
overwhelmed.
Growth of tissue forms an abnormal
mass.
Tumors generally provide no useful
function and grow at the expense of
healthy tissues.
Biopsy
a slice of tumor is examined
under a microscope.
BIOPSY
Biopsy
A biopsy is the removal of a sample of tissue from the body for examination. The tissue will
be examined under a microscope to assist in diagnosis. Only very small samples are needed.
After Biopsy: 2 Types of Tumors
Benign
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The cells are semi-normal
Has no signs of cancer.
The growth of the cells in the
tumor (cyst or lump) is under
control.
There is no spread to nearby
tissue or to other parts of the
body (metastasis)
The patient is unlikely to die
from this type of cancer
Malignant
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The cells are deformed,
malfunctioning aberrations.
Also know as a neoplasm or
carcinoma
Faster-growing and likely to
spread to other parts of the
body and cause problems.
Malignant tumors are what
we call cancer.
2 Types of Tumors
CANCER
Benign Tumors
Slow growing & often wrapped by connective tissue
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors
Secondary Cancers
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Cancer cells have spread to other
tissues/organs from a cancer that
began elsewhere in the body.
The original cancer is described as
a primary cancer
Where it spreads is referred to as
secondaries or metastases.
Frequent sites: brain, lung, liver,
bone.
Can be caused by radiotherapy
damage to healthy cells.
Angiogenesis
•Tumor angiogenesis is a continuous and
important process in tumor development.
•The tumor attempts to gain an
independent blood supply.
Metastasis
movement or spreading of cancer cells from one organ or tissue to another
Early detection greatly
increases cancer
survival rates because
there is less time for
metastasis to happen.
Cancer kills the tissues, organs, systems, and
ultimately, the Body
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Brain cancer disables the brain…
Liver cancer disables the liver…
Lung cancer disables the lungs…
…And if it spreads (metastasis), lung cancer
cells grow in your brain, in your kidneys….
Cancer Treatments
The earlier cancer is detected, the less likely it has spread
(metastasis), and the more likely it can be defeated.
Radiation
 Chemotherapy
 Surgery
 Immunotherapy
Holistic Techniques
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Effective cancer treatment usually involves a
combination of treatments.
Radiation (radiotherapy)
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Given to about 60% of all
cancer patients, but it can
inflict significant damage on
healthy normal tissues.
Radiation therapy
damages cancer cell DNA to
prevent successful division
into more cancer cells or to
trigger cancer cell apoptosis
Radiotherapy Equipment
Radiation therapy can be delivered from both external or internal
sources, may be high or low dose, and is often delivered with
computer-assisted accuracy to the site of the tumor.
Radiotherapy
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Brachytherapy places
the source of radiation
directly into the tumor
as temporarily
implanted ribbons and
seeds or as
permanently implanted
seeds.
Radiation (radiotherapy)
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Newer radiotherapy
technologies, such as
stereotactic radiosurgery,
which uses tightly focused xrays or gamma rays to target
tumors without widespread
irradiation of surrounding
tissues, may improve
radiotherapy results.
Stereostatic radiosurgery is
also known as the “Gamma
knive”.
Radiation (radiotherapy)
Side effects..
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Can cause secondary
cancers after the
primary cancer has
been treated, which
typically occur several
years later.
Other secondary
diseases such as
pneumonitis, digestive
failures, and radiation
fibrosis may also occur.
Pneumonitis
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When high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them from
growing and dividing, it is inevitable that normal cells are also affected.
Especially after radiation treatments for tumors within the chest or the breast,
the lungs may become inflamed. The lung inflammation from radiotherapy is
termed radiation pneumonitis.
Radiotherapy is usually given on an outpatient basis in a hospital or clinic 5
days a week for several weeks. Radiation pneumonitis tends to show up 2
weeks to 6 months after the end of radiotherapy.
Symptoms of radiation pneumonitis include shortness of breath, cough and
fever.
Blood testing usually shows an abnormal white blood count and signs that
inflammation may be present somewhere in the body.
Radiation pneumonitis is often reversible with medications that reduce
inflammation, such as the cortisone drugs (prednisone and others).
If radiation pneumonitis persists, it can lead to scarring of the lungs, a condition
called radiation fibrosis.
Radiation fibrosis typically occurs a year after the completion of radiation
treatments. Radiation fibrosis is usually not reversible.
Chemotherapy
Using drugs to target and kill cancer cells
Immunotherapy
Somehow stimulate your immune system to target, attack, and kill tumor cells
Immunotherapy
Unit 4 – Quiz #3
1.
2.
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5.
What is the uncontrolled growth of cells called?
a. cancer
b. cyclin
c. mutation
If cells stop growing when the touch other cells
they are ______ cells.
a. cancerous
b. mutated
c. normal
Body cells contain 2N number of chromosomes.
They are ?
a. diploid
b. haploid
Sex cells contain N number of chromosomes.
They are ?
a. diploid
b. haploid
A plant has 40 chromosomes in the body cells.
How many would be in the sex cells?
a. 20
b. 40
c. 80
Part 2 Quiz – Next Class
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Mitosis: identify pictures of each phase,
explain what is happening, name cell cycle
steps in correct order (IPMATC)
Meiosis: explain what happens, what you
end up with, diploid/haploid
Cancer: what happens in the cell
SA#1: Differences between Meiosis &
Mitosis (chart to fill in)
SA#2: Causes of cancer
Cancer Online Review
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Cancer Animations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
CancerQuest; American Cancer Society
Cancer Warrior Activity
U.S. National Cancer Institute: Types of Treatment
Chemotherapy 1, 2, 3
Radiotherapy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Cancer Immunotherapy 1, 2, 3
Liver Cancer Treatment; Colon Cancer
Cancer Treatment Side Effects 1, 2, 3
Cancer/Cell Cycle 1
General Cancer Quiz 1, 2, 3 , 4
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