Transcript Lecture 8
AJADI R. ADETOLA
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND
SURGERY
The
study of the behaviour of tumors,
its diagnosis and management
Causes
Effect
of tumors
of tumors
Diagnosis
Staging
of tumors
of tumors
Management
of tumors
Most tumors occur spontaneously
Genetic inheritance : renal
cystadenocarcinoma in German Shepherd
Dog
Irradiation : Squamous cell carcinoma in
white skinned horses
Oncogenic viruses: Feline leukemia virus
Diet: Mammary tumors
Hormones: Mammary adenocarcioma
Chemical carcinogens: Transitional cell
carcinoma of the bladder
Transmissible agents: Canine transmissible
venereal tumor
Space occupying effects
Excessive production of the secretion of the
gland
Loss of function
Invasion of adjacent organs
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Hypercalcemia
Altered
coagulability
Hypoglycemia
Anaemia
Polycythemia
Hypertrophic osteopathy
Fever
Eosinophilia
Immune complex disease
Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Cachexia
Cytology
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Flow
cytometry
Molecular
Diagnostic
cytogenetics
imaging
Pleomorphism
with many large cells
Ectopic cell population
High nuclear/ cytoplasmic ratio
Variation in nuclear size, shape and
number
Prominent nucleoli
Variation in nucleoli size, shape and
number
Abnormal mitotic figure
Irregular and /or coarse chromatin
Fine
needle aspirate
Tracheal
washing and trans-tracheal
aspiration
Incisional
biopsy
Excisional
biopsy
Broncho-alveolar
lavage
Radiography
Ultrasonography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic
resonance imaging
Radionuclide
imaging
Involved the use of radiant energy.
Depend on the interaction of x-ray with matters.
X-ray cannot penetrate bone, limiting its use in the
brain and spinal cord.
Good for the thorax and abdomen.
Visualization depends on subject density and contrast.
Contrast agent can be administered to improve
visualization.
Use of high frequency sound waves to obtain
real time images of body parts
Depends on the interaction of sound with
matter.
It is non invasive.
Not limited by poor contrast.
Not impaired by fluid.
Can assess internal architecture.
Can allow for the evaluation of internal
cardiac anatomy, motion and function.
Can diagnose pregnancy; determine fetal sex,
estimate fetal size and expected date of
delivery.
Depends on physical principles of nuclear magnetic
resonance
Does not depend on tissue density but on proton density,
proton bulk motion, diffusion magnetic susceptibility
and chemical shift.
It provides details image of soft tissue.
Images can be enhanced by intravenous injection of
paramagnetic contrast medium, gadolinium.
Diagnosis is based on lesion size, location and edema.
Very expensive and not available
Involve
the use radiant energy to create
attenuation map of patient.
It allows one to obtain a cross-sectional
image slice of a subject, so that internal
structural can be visualized directly.
X-ray attenuation is dependent on the
energy of the x-ray, election and physical
density of the material thickness of
patient and effective atomic number
substance within the patient.
Good for the brain, spinal cord, thorax
and abdomen.
Useful when suspecting tumors of the
brain, spinal cords, lung or pancreases.
Very expensive and not generally
available
Depends on the distribution of radio-pharmaceuticals in the
body.
Technetium – 99m is the most commonly used radio
pharmaceuticals.
Planar imaging allows for region of interest analysis (ROI).
Dynamic flow studies assist in evaluating patient for possible
porto-systemic vessel anomalies, GFR determination, distal
limb perfusion and cardiac studies.
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allows
for dimensional image reconstruction thus improving
anatomical location of lesion.
Position emission tomography (PET) provides a functional
assessment of tumor metabolism.
Required hospitalization unit because of risk of radioisotopes.
Very expensive and not available.
To
assess the prognosis of a tumor
To
aid in planning of treatment
To
assist in evaluation of results
To
assist in investigating of tumor
Size
of mammary tumor
Lymph
node involvement
Distant
metastasis
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Multimodal
therapy
External
beam radiotherapy
Orthovoltage
Supervoltage
Interstitial
Systemic
Brachytherapy
radiotherapy
Alkylating
agents: cyclophosphamide
Antimetabolites: methotrexate
Plant
alkaloids: vincristine
Antibiotics: doxorubicin
Hormones: prednisolone
Miscellaneous
compounds: cisplatinum