Transcript Lecture 8

AJADI R. ADETOLA
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND
SURGERY
 The
study of the behaviour of tumors,
its diagnosis and management
 Causes
 Effect
of tumors
of tumors
 Diagnosis
 Staging
of tumors
of tumors
 Management
of tumors
Most tumors occur spontaneously
Genetic inheritance : renal
cystadenocarcinoma in German Shepherd
Dog
 Irradiation : Squamous cell carcinoma in
white skinned horses
 Oncogenic viruses: Feline leukemia virus
 Diet: Mammary tumors
 Hormones: Mammary adenocarcioma
 Chemical carcinogens: Transitional cell
carcinoma of the bladder
 Transmissible agents: Canine transmissible
venereal tumor
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Space occupying effects
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Excessive production of the secretion of the
gland
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Loss of function
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Invasion of adjacent organs
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Paraneoplastic syndrome
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Hypercalcemia
 Altered
coagulability
 Hypoglycemia
 Anaemia
 Polycythemia
 Hypertrophic osteopathy
 Fever
 Eosinophilia
 Immune complex disease
 Neutrophilic leukocytosis
 Cachexia
 Cytology
 Histopathology
 Immunohistochemistry
 Flow
cytometry
 Molecular
 Diagnostic
cytogenetics
imaging
 Pleomorphism
with many large cells
 Ectopic cell population
 High nuclear/ cytoplasmic ratio
 Variation in nuclear size, shape and
number
 Prominent nucleoli
 Variation in nucleoli size, shape and
number
 Abnormal mitotic figure
 Irregular and /or coarse chromatin
 Fine
needle aspirate
 Tracheal
washing and trans-tracheal
aspiration
 Incisional
biopsy
 Excisional
biopsy
 Broncho-alveolar
lavage
 Radiography
 Ultrasonography
 Computed Tomography
 Magnetic
resonance imaging
 Radionuclide
imaging
 Involved the use of radiant energy.
 Depend on the interaction of x-ray with matters.
 X-ray cannot penetrate bone, limiting its use in the
brain and spinal cord.
 Good for the thorax and abdomen.
 Visualization depends on subject density and contrast.
 Contrast agent can be administered to improve
visualization.
Use of high frequency sound waves to obtain
real time images of body parts
 Depends on the interaction of sound with
matter.
 It is non invasive.
 Not limited by poor contrast.
 Not impaired by fluid.
 Can assess internal architecture.
 Can allow for the evaluation of internal
cardiac anatomy, motion and function.
 Can diagnose pregnancy; determine fetal sex,
estimate fetal size and expected date of
delivery.
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Depends on physical principles of nuclear magnetic
resonance
Does not depend on tissue density but on proton density,
proton bulk motion, diffusion magnetic susceptibility
and chemical shift.
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It provides details image of soft tissue.
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Images can be enhanced by intravenous injection of
paramagnetic contrast medium, gadolinium.
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Diagnosis is based on lesion size, location and edema.
Very expensive and not available
 Involve
the use radiant energy to create
attenuation map of patient.
 It allows one to obtain a cross-sectional
image slice of a subject, so that internal
structural can be visualized directly.
 X-ray attenuation is dependent on the
energy of the x-ray, election and physical
density of the material thickness of
patient and effective atomic number
substance within the patient.
 Good for the brain, spinal cord, thorax
and abdomen.
 Useful when suspecting tumors of the
brain, spinal cords, lung or pancreases.
 Very expensive and not generally
available
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Depends on the distribution of radio-pharmaceuticals in the
body.
Technetium – 99m is the most commonly used radio
pharmaceuticals.
Planar imaging allows for region of interest analysis (ROI).
Dynamic flow studies assist in evaluating patient for possible
porto-systemic vessel anomalies, GFR determination, distal
limb perfusion and cardiac studies.
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allows
for dimensional image reconstruction thus improving
anatomical location of lesion.
Position emission tomography (PET) provides a functional
assessment of tumor metabolism.
Required hospitalization unit because of risk of radioisotopes.
Very expensive and not available.
 To
assess the prognosis of a tumor
 To
aid in planning of treatment
 To
assist in evaluation of results
 To
assist in investigating of tumor
 Size
of mammary tumor
 Lymph
node involvement
 Distant
metastasis
 Surgery
 Chemotherapy
 Radiotherapy
 Immunotherapy
 Hyperthermia
 Multimodal
therapy
 External
beam radiotherapy
 Orthovoltage
 Supervoltage
 Interstitial
 Systemic
Brachytherapy
radiotherapy
 Alkylating
agents: cyclophosphamide
 Antimetabolites: methotrexate
 Plant
alkaloids: vincristine
 Antibiotics: doxorubicin
 Hormones: prednisolone
 Miscellaneous
compounds: cisplatinum