Transcript Ancient Greece - Class Notes for Mr.Guerriero

Ancient
Greece
• The tall flat hill is called the
Acropolis and is located in
Athens.
• In ancient Greece the Acropolis
was used for defence and worship.
• The building on top is a temple
dedicated to the goddess Athena,
it is called the Parthenon.
The Parthenon: Temple to Athena
• The Parthenon was a place where the
people of Athens would pray to
Athena.
Athena
Inside the Parthenon
Peoples of Ancient Greece
Minoans
• Created the first settlement in
Europe.
• Lived on the island of Crete between
1950-1400 BCE.
• These people were sea traders.
NOTE: BCE= Before Current Era
BC= Before Christ
Mycenaeans
• Appeared in the 14th century BCE and
quickly took over the mainland of
Greece.
• These people used bronze tools and
weapons.
• Their civilization ended around 1100
BCE.
Dorians
• A war-like group which came from
Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) in
1100 BCE.
• The Dorians used iron tools and
weapons.
• They took much of Greece by force
and enslaved much of the population.
• Two of their major cities were
Sparta and Corinth.
Hellenes
• This group eventually replaced the
Dorians and spread throughout
Greece.
• The Hellenes are the ancestors of
modern Greeks.
• Very advanced society created and
mastered the use of tools.
The Environment of Greece
• Greece is very mountainous. This
means that there is little flat land.
• Greece is made up of the main land
as well as almost 2000 islands of
differing sizes.
• Very hot, dry summers and mild wet
winters.
• The soil is very dry and rocky which
makes farming very difficult.
Agriculture and food sources in
Ancient Greece
• Since the Greeks had easy access to the
sea, fish and other types of seafood
were consumed.
• The Ancient Greeks had 2 staple crops:
Olives and Grapes. Both olives and
grapes grow well in rocky, dry soil.
• Goats and Sheep were the primary
sources of meat and milk, from which they
could also make cheese.
• Many Greeks would have small farms on
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which they would grow grains, like barley
and sesame seeds.
Some Greeks grew other types of fruit like
figs and pomegranates as well as vegetables
like onions and cabbage.
Most farms were small and produced enough
food for one family. Some farmers sold or
traded their surplus for money or for other
products.
Wealthy farmers would ship their products to
other parts of Greece or Persia and Asia
Minor (Turkey).
The ancient Greeks and the
Sea
What did the ancient Greeks use
the seas for?
1. Transportation
2. Trade
3. Protection and Military
4. Food
5. Expansion and Spread culture
• The picture above is what the ancient
Greeks used as a podium.
• This particular site is called the Pnyx
and is located in Athens.
• This site is where the people of Athens
came to voice their opinions on political
issues.
• The Pnyx was a very popular meeting
place. Many people would come to
watch their fellow citizens speak.
City States in Ancient
Greece
• The word state usually means country
• Ancient Greece was not like the country we
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know today.
It was made up of small city states. Each
city was like a small independent country.
The Ancient Greeks called these city states
Polis.
These city states were usually separated by
mountains or by the sea.
• Each Polis governed itself.
• Every citizen of the Polis had a say in
government. This is called democracy.
• There was constant fighting between cities
over land, wealth ($$$) , and power.
• Cities had many things in common:
language, religion, military
techniques, and the Olympics.
• Some of the most famous city states are
Athens, Sparta, Troy, and Corinth.
Types of Government
Monarchy
• One person is in charge. This person is
usually called a Despot (king/queen).
• Power is passed down from parents to
children, usually father to son.
King of Sweden
Burger King
Queen of England
Oligarchy
• A small group of people called
aristocrats are in charge.
• Aristocrats usually have a common
ancestry and are very wealthy.
• In ancient Greece it was very difficult,
almost impossible to become an aristocrat,
if you were born into another class.
Roman aristocracy was in charge of the senate
Dictatorship
• Like the monarchy, one person is in
charge. This person is called a Dictator
or Tyrant.
• The Dictator usually takes power illegally.
• His/her rule is above all laws, people have
limited rights.
Adolf Hitler
Fidel Castro
Kim Jong Il
Democracy
• One person in charge, but elected by all
citizens.
• Elected leader rules in the name of all
people.
• Citizens take part in the political process
by voting, campaigning, protesting, and
debating issues.
Stephen Harper
George Bush Jr.
James G. Brown
Democracy in Ancient Greece
• The first democratic government was
established in Athens, during the 5th
century BCE.
• To participate in politics one had to be a
citizen.
• To be considered a citizen one
must:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Be male
Be 18 years old
Have completed military training
Have two Athenian parents
Who could vote in Ancient
Athens?
Athenian
Citizens (men)
Athenian
women and
children
Foreigners
Slaves
10%
90 %
Could Vote
Could
Not Vote
Athenian Democracy
• The ancient Athenians had a system of
direct democracy.
• Direct democracy means that every citizen
could participate in government.
• Today we have a representative
democracy.
• Representative democracy is a system in
which the population elects officials to
speak for them. Citizens participate
less.
Branches of Athenian
Government
• Assembly: Responsible for writing the
constitution, raising taxes, making laws,
and deciding to go to war.
• Council of 500: Ran the everyday
operations. Were chosen at random by
the Assembly.
• Boards of Magistrates: Members from
the council of 500 were chosen to be on
different boards (ex: religion, education)
• 10 Generals: Were chosen by the
Assembly to lead the army and navy.
• The image above is a drawing of the
Agora in ancient Athens.
• Many ancient Greek city states had
their own version of the Athenian
agora.
• The Agora was used as a public
meeting place for Athenian citizens.
• This is also the place where
merchants set up their shops.
Life in Athens
• The Greek home was considered private
space.
• Activities such as raising and educating
children were kept inside the home.
• Women were responsible for running
the home. Women were also responsible
for educating children and managing
servants.
• Women rarely left the home.
• Ancient Greek were usually 1 floor and
had a courtyard where the family would
gather together.
• Due to the hot climate most houses had
few windows and were painted white,
to keep it cool.
• Public spaces like the agora were
reserved for men.
• The men of ancient Greece did most of
the shopping.
• Wealthy women could leave the home if
they were accompanied by a male
servant.
• The Athenians placed a high emphasis
on the education of boys.
• Between the ages of 7-14 the children
studied reading, writing, and math.
• After the age of 14 boys learned
philosophy and trained in Olympic style
events.
• At 18, boys were expected to join the
military and stay in until the age of
20.
Life in Sparta
• Sparta was governed by an oligarchy.
There was NO voting in Sparta.
• 2 Kings: Appointed for life. They
controlled the army.
• 5 Ephors (overseers): Ran everyday
operations, made laws, and wrote the
constitution. Elected annually.
• Assembly: Composed of 28 nobles
appointed for life. They advised the kings.
• The Spartans had the same ideas of
Public and Private space as the
Athenians.
• Many families had slaves/servants
called Helots.
• Less emphasis on education.
• High emphasis on military
training. Boys trained from the age
of 7 and served in the army until 30.
Athens
Type of
Government
Education
Did they have
slaves?
Train for
Olympics.
At what age did
military training
start?
At what age
could men leave
the army?
Sparta
Direct
Democracy
High emphasis
Low emphasis
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
18
7
20
30
Oligarchy
• The site above is the Oracle of Delphi.
• The Oracle of Delphi is both a place and a
person.
• The ancient Greeks appointed a priestess
(female) to communicate with the
Gods. There have been many throughout
Greek history.
• The ancient Greeks believed that Delphi
was the center of the world.
• The Oracle would make predictions,
answer questions, and help leaders
make decisions.
Religion in Ancient Greece
• Ancient Greeks were Polytheistic, which
means they believed in more then one
God.
• Religion was a huge part of ancient Greek
culture.
• Every city in ancient Greece had many
temples.
• Each city state had a god or goddess that
they favoured (ex. Athens favoured
Athena)
• The ancient Greeks believed that their
gods and goddesses were immortal (live
forever).
• Most gods and goddesses were depicted
in human form.
• The ancient Greeks performed rituals to
win the Gods favour. When the gods
were happy good things happened.
• Some rituals were; animal sacrifices,
competitions (Olympics), building
temples and statues.
The Olympians
• These are the Gods that the Ancient Greeks
worshiped. There are 12 in total.
• They are called the Olympians because the
ancient Greeks believed they lived on
Mount. Olympus.
Pantheon of Greek
Gods and Goddesses
Note: Many Gods reign over more then 1 area. For
our classes only remember the ones from the slides
Zeus
• King of the Gods, ruler of Mount.
Olympus, most powerful of all Gods.
• God of Weather.
Hera
• Queen of the Gods, wife of Zeus
• Goddess of marriage.
Poseidon
• God of the Sea, brother of Zeus
• Carries a trident.
Demeter
• Goddess of Agriculture, Zeus’ sister.
Hestia
• Goddess of the Home, Zeus’ sister
Aphrodite
• Goddess of Love.
• Born from the sea.
Apollo
• God of the Sun, son of Zeus
Ares
• God of war, son of Zeus
Artemis
• Goddess of the moon and hunting,
daughter of Zeus
Athena
• Goddess of Wisdom, daughter of Zeus.
Hephaestus
• God of fire and blacksmith to the Gods,
son of Zeus.
Hermes
• God of commerce, messenger of the
Gods, son of Zeus.
Other important Gods
Hades
God of the Underworld, brother of Zeus.
Dionysus
God of wine, son of Zeus.
Hercules (or Heracles)
• Is known as a hero (not a God).
• Hercules is the son of Zeus, but his
mother is a human, Alcmene.
• In Greek mythology, Hercules is given
incredible strength.
• The Colossus of Rhodes is considered to
be one of the 7 wonders of the ancient
world.
• The Colossus was roughly 150ft tall and
weighed 225 tons, it was made out of solid
bronze.
• The Colossus is a statue of Helios the patron
God of Rhodes.
• It was built to commemorate the victory
of the Rhodian's over the Macedonians.
• The statue was completely destroyed in the
7th century AD (700’s).
Warfare in Ancient Greece
• There were many famous wars in ancient
Greece.
• City states and foreign empires would
fight over land, wealth, and power.
• Wars would usually last for long periods of
time. Sometimes over ten years!
What did Greek soldiers look
like?
• All Greek soldiers were free men,
there were no slaves allowed in the
army.
• All soldiers provided their own
armour and weapons.
• Ancient Greek soldiers were
commonly known as Hoplites.
Hoplite Armour and Weapons
• All hoplites had two weapons a long
thrusting spear with a butt spike and a
short sword.
• Their armour consisted of a large round
shield, breastplate, helmet, and greaves
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(shin guards).
It is important to note that different cities
had different variations of weapons and
armour, but all hoplites had what was
mentioned above.
• The standard helmet used was known
as the Corinthian helmet.
• The feathers on top were used to
intimidate and deflect missile
weapons (arrows and throwing
spears).
• Throughout time variations on the
helmet and spears have been seen.
• The most important is the Sarissa
spear used by the Macedonians and
Alexander the Great.
Hoplite Tactics
• Hoplites fought in what is known as the
Phalanx.
• This is where hoplite shields interlock
forming a wall of armour.
• Hoplites would then run in this formation
and crash into the enemy or the opposing
phalanx.
• Hoplites would then fight in formation
until one side retreated.
Famous Battles and Campaigns
Battle of Marathon
• Athens vs. Persian empire, 490 BCE
• Athenian victory
Battle of Thermopylae
• Sparta vs. Persian empire, 480 BCE
• Sparta makes a stand at the pass of
Thermopylae with only 300 soldiers.
• Persian victory.
Peloponnesian War
• Athens vs. Sparta, 431-404 BCE
• Athens built walls to keep the Spartans out
• Spartan victory
Campaigns of Alexander the Great
• Alexander the Great was the ruler of
Macedonia.
• His campaigns lasted from 336 BCE until
his death in 323 BCE.
• He conquered Asia Minor, Persia, and
made his way into India.
Ancient Greek Architecture
• Large Greek structures were traditionally
made out of limestone.
• Workers would drag and lift the large
blocks into place using ropes and pulleys.
• Temples were typically the largest
structures in the Greek city states.
• Temples had 4 major components; inner
temple, columns, frieze, and
pediment.
Why is Greek Architecture so
important?
• It is a style of architecture that is
seen in many cities around the world.
• It is a style that is still used in the
design of modern buildings.
The Olympics
• The date of the first competition is
unknown.
• Experts believe that the ancient games
started 776 BCE and ended in 393 AD.
• The games were a tribute to Zeus, and
were held near his temple in the city of
Olympia.
• It was considered a great honour to
compete in the games.
• Athletes could compete in 7 major
events.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Boxing
Riding (horses)
Chariot Racing
Pankration (like today’s ultimate fighting)
Pentathlon: discus, javelin, long jump,
running, and wrestling
6. Running
7. Wrestling
• The Olympics that we know today started
in 1896 by Pierre de Coubertin.
• Today’s games consist of 35 individual
and team sports, and nearly 400 events.
What have the Ancient Greeks
Given us?
1. Democracy
2. Olympics
3. Architecture
4. Philosophy
Can you think of any others?