Transcript Types of Diabetes

Endocrine System
By Meghan Bury,
Natalie Bontempo,
Greg Lerner &
Mike Devine
The Endocrine System…
 affects
bodily activities by releasing
chemical messages, called
hormones, into the bloodstream
from exocrine and endocrine
glands.
The Function of Hormones Is To:
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Control the internal environment by regulating its
chemical composition and volume
Respond to environmental changes to help the body
cope with emergencies - infection, stress etc
Help regulate organic metabolism and energy
balance
Contribute to the management of growth and
development.
Hormones
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Cause changes in particular parts of the
body
Their effects are slower and more general
than nerve action
Control changes, such as rate of growth,
activity and sexual maturity.
Parts of Endocrine System
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hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal glands
Pineal Gland
Thymus
Reproductive Glands
INFORMATION ON GLANDS
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The glands are
separate but it is known
that they are
functionally related.
Body health is
dependent on a correct
balance output from all
the various glands that
make up the endocrine
system.
Hypothalamus
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Located in the lower central part of the brain
Regulates satiety, metabolism and body
temperature
Secretes hormones that stimulate/suppress
release of hormones in pituitary gland
Also included in the nervous system.
IMPORTANT CONNECTION!
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Nervous & Endocrine
System
Hypothalamus talks to
and gives orders to the
Pituitary gland.
Together they regulate
homeostasis and have
major control over
bodily functions.
Huge, important
connection!
The Pituitary Gland
Also known as the Hypophysis
 The leader of the endocrine
system
 It consists of anterior and
posterior lobes
 Located at base of brain, no
larger than a pea
The anterior lobe produces:
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1. Growth hormone
2. Thyroid-Stimulating hormone
3. Adrenocorticotropin hormone
The posterior lobe produces:
4. Luteinizing/follicle-stimulating
1. Antidiuretic hormone
vasopressin
5. Prolactin hormone
2. Oxytoin
Thyroid Gland
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Located in the lower front
part of the neck
Produce thyroid hormones
that regulate metabolism
Plays a role in bone growth
and development of brain
and nervous system in
children
help maintain normal blood
pressure, heart rate,
digestion, muscle tone, and
reproductive functions.
Parathyroid Glands
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Two pairs of small glands located on the
surface of the thyroid gland
One pair on each side
Regulates calcium levels in the blood and
bone
Adrenal Glands
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Located on the top of each
kidney
Triangular-shaped
Made up of two parts :
adrenal cortex (outer) and
adrenal medulla (inner)
outer part produces
corticosteroids- regulates
metabolism, balance of
salt/water in body, immune
system & sexual function
Inner part produce
catecholamines (ex:
adrenaline) which help body
cope with stress by
increasing blood pressure
and heart rate.
Pineal Gland
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Located in the middle of
the brain
Secretes melatonin
Regulates wake/sleep
cycle
Thymus
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Located in upper thorax behind the sternum, but
below the thyroid gland.
Each has 2 lobes (cortex and medulla)
Plays a critical role in the development of a child's
immune system before birth and for a time
thereafter.
processing and maturation of special lymphocytes
called T-cells
T-cells are special lymphocytes
Reproductive Glands
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MALE:
Testes produce
testosterone
Scrotum holds the
testes.
Controls maturation
(sexual development,
pubic/facial hair)
Sperm Production
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FEMALE:
Ovaries (located on both
sides of uterus)
produce estrogen and
progesterone as well as
eggs.
Control development
(ex: breast growth)
Reproductive Functions
(menstruation, pregnancy)
Reproductive Glands
Types of Diabetes
-Type
1 Diabetes
-Type 2 Diabetes
-Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes
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The body’s immune system
destroys the insulin-producing beta
cells located in the pancreas.
Insulin is a hormone that regulates
the movement of sugar into cells.
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Auto-immune disease, also known as
juvenile onset diabetes.
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10-15% of all people with the disease.
May appear at any age, but
commonly under 40.
Type 1 Diabetes
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Triggered by environmental factors.
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Viruses, chemicals, diets, or that people
are genetically predisposed.
People with Type 1 Diabetes must
carefully follow a diet plan, exercise,
and inject themselves with insulin
several times a day.
Causes for Type 1 Diabetes
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Exact cause is unknown.
Most people with disease, their own
immune system mistakenly destroys
the insulin producing cells in the
pancreas.
It is caused more by genetics then
environmental factors.
Exposure to certain viruses may
trigger it.
Whatever the cause, little to no insulin
is produced.
Causes of Type 1 Diabetes
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Insulin helps glucose (sugar) enter
cells to provide energy and it comes
from the pancreas.
If it’s working right, once you eat, the
pancreas produces insulin into the
blood.
When the insulin circulates, it “acts like
a key, unlocking microscopic doors”
that let sugar in.
Causes of Type 1 Diabetes
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As the blood sugar level drops, so
does the insulin secreting from the
pancreas.
Instead of sugar being transported
into your cells, it builds up in the
blood stream. This is when it causes
complications.
Symptoms for Type 1 Diabetes
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Thirst and Urine Increase- excess sugar builds
in blood system, so fluid is pulled from your
tissues leaving you thirsty. You may drink more,
which will increase your urination.
Extreme Hunger- There is not enough insulin to
move sugar into your cells, causing your muscles
and organs to use up energy. It will trigger
hunger, that may last till after you eat. Since
there is no insulin, the sugar will not reach the
“energy starved” tissues.
Symptoms for Type 1 Diabetes
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Fatigue- Due to your cells being deprived of
sugar, you can become irritable and tired.
Weight Loss- Eating more to relieve hunger
still can cause you to lose weight. Without
energy, your muscles and tissues will shrink.
Blurred Vision- If your blood sugar level is
too high it will pull fluid from your tissues
(lenses of eyes) and will harm your ability to
focus clearly.
Type 2 Diabetes
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Type 2 Diabetes is known as the
adult-onset or non-insulindependent diabetes.
It is a chronic condition that affects
the way your body metabolizes
sugar.
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It is the most common form of diabetes and affects
85-90% of all people with the disease
Type 2 Diabetes
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Your body is resistant to the effects
of insulin.
Doesn’t produce enough insulin to
maintain normal glucose levels.
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Excess weight, high blood pressure,
inactivity and poor diet.
Twice as likely to suffer
cardiovascular disease
Causes for Type 2 Diabetes
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The body does not respond right to
insulin, called “insulin resistance.”
This has more to due with
environment.
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Obesity, age, lack of physical activity.
Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
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Thirst and Urine Increase- excess sugar
builds in blood system, so fluid is pulled from
your tissues leaving you thirsty. You may
drink more, which will increase your
urination.
Increased Hunger- There is not enough
insulin to move sugar into your cells, causing
your muscles and organs to use up energy. It
will trigger hunger, that may last till after you
eat. Since there is no insulin, the sugar will
not reach the “energy starved” tissues.
Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
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Fatigue- Due to your cells being deprived of
sugar, you can become irritable and tired.
Weight Loss- Eating more to relieve hunger
still can cause you to lose weight. Without
energy, your muscles and tissues will shrink.
Blurred Vision- If your blood sugar level is
too high it will pull fluid from your tissues
(lenses of eyes) and will harm your ability to
focus clearly.
Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
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Frequent Infections of Slow Healing
Sores- This type of diabetes affects your
ability to defend yourself against and heal
infections.
Darkened Skin- A sign of insulin
resistance is called acanthosis nigricans.
It causes areas of dark, velvety skin in
the creases and folds of the body.
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Armpits and neck.
• Acanthosis Nigricans
Gestational Diabetes
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Occurs only during pregnancy.
Affects the way your body uses sugarmain source of fuel.
Can cause high blood sugar
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Will not cause a problem for you
Can cause health problems for unborn
baby.
You can maintain it by eating healthy food,
medication and exercising regularly.
What happens to the baby
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After birth, baby will have blood sugar
tested.
If the sugar is low, the baby will be
given sugar water to drink.
Baby may develop jaundice.
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Yellow discoloration of the skin that occurs
when bilirubin is in the baby’s blood.
Bilirubin is a pigment that causes jaundice.
It’s released when extra red blood cells build
up in the blood and cannot be processed fast
enough.
Cont.
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Jaundice can go away with
treatment which involves exposing
the baby to special lights to rid the
pigment.
Gestational Diabetes increases the
chance for your baby to have
diabetes.
Risk factors of Gestational Diabetes
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Family history of diabetes
Obesity
Given birth to a large infant
previously
Stillbirth- baby is born dead
Child with a birth defect
Age
Symptoms for Gestational Diabetes
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There are no noticeable signs or
symptoms.
Rarely can cause increased thirst
and urination.
Treatments for Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
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Principal treatment is delivery of
artificial insulin through injection or
pump.
Almost all people who have Type 1
diabetes must take insulin injections
Insulin, Taking Injections
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Insulin is a hormone that helps the
body use glucose for energy
You’ll give yourself shots using a
needle and syringe. The syringe is a
hollow tube with a plunger. You will
put your dose of insulin into the tube.
Some people use an insulin pen.
Using an Insulin Pump
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A small machine about the size of a
cell phone, worn outside of your body
on a belt or in a pocket or pouch.
The pump connects to a small plastic
tube and a very small needle.
The needle is inserted under the skin
and stays in for several days. Insulin
is pumped from the machine through
the tube into your body.
Insulin Jet Injector
Looks like a large pen
 Sends a fine spray of
insulin through the skin
 Using high-pressure air
instead of a needle.
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Self Management of Diabetes
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Eating healthy to maintain blood
sugar levels
Exercise
Weight loss (type 2)
Check blood glucose level multiple
times a day
Various oral diabetic drugs
example : metformin (type 2)
2 Other Endocrine
Disorders
Osteoporosis
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a condition in which
bones become
fragile and more
likely to break.
How you get it
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For Women: a decrease in the hormone
estrogen occurring during menopause in
women
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For Men: decrease in testosterone
occurring in men as they age.
Symptoms
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Osteoporosis often has no obvious
symptoms, it is often left undiagnosed
until the person affected suffers a broken
or fractured bone during a minor fall.
Symptoms
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- Cramps in the legs at night
- Bone pain and tenderness
- Neck pain, discomfort in the neck other than from injury or trauma
- Persistent pain in the spine or muscles of the lower back
- Abdominal pain
- Tooth loss
- Rib pain
- Broken bones
- Spinal deformities become evident like stooped posture, an outward
curve at the top of the spine as a result of developing a vertebral
collapse on the back.
- Fatigue
- Periodontal disease
- Brittle fingernails
These symptoms also may indicate other health problems like arthritis
or tendonitis.
Osteopenia
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Osteopenia is
generally considered
the first step along
the road to
osteoporosis
Diminished bone
calcification, as seen
on plain X-ray film, is
referred to as
osteopenia
Treatment
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Treatment for
osteoporosis
typically includes
education on
diet/nutrition,
exercise (if no
fractures) and
medications. The
goal of osteoporosis
treatment is to
prevent fractures.
Treatments
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Osteoporosis medications that slow or
stop bone resorption
-Bisphosphonates
-Calcitonin
-Selective Estrogen Receptor
Modulators
-Hormone Therapy
Bisphosphonates
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Bisphosphonates work by slowing the
rate of bone thinning, which can prevent
the development of osteoporosis and
reduce the risk of fracture in people who
already have osteoporosis. They are
taken orally.
Calcitonin
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Calcitonin (e.g. Miacalcin, Calcimar,
Fortical) is a hormone that is produced
naturally in the body, and it is now
available as a prescription medication. It
can be taken in injection form or
intranasal (through a nose spray). This
has been found to increase bone density
mainly in the spine.
Selective Estrogen Receptor
Modulators
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Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
(SERMs) class of drugs developed to
provide the benefits of estrogens without
their disadvantages.
They are taken orally once a day and is
shown to increase bone mass and
reduce the risk of spine fractures.
Hormone Therapy
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hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can lower
the risk of osteoporosis-related hip fractures
and other fractures in postmenopausal women.
But taking HRT led to small increases in the
number of women who developed breast
cancer, ovarian cancer, heart attack, stroke,
blood clots, and Alzheimer's disease and other
dementias.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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Also referred to as PCOS, it is an endocrine
disorder that affects approximately 5% of all
women
It occurs amongst all races and nationalities
It is the most common hormonal disorder
among women of reproductive age, and is a
leading cause of infertility
How you get it
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The causes are unknown
Symptoms
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Oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea — irregular, few, or absent
menstrual periods.
Infertility, generally resulting from chronic anovulation (lack of
ovulation).
Hirsutism — excessive and increased body hair, typically in a
male pattern affecting face, chest and legs.
Hair loss appearing as thinning hair on the top of the head
Acne, oily skin, seborrhea.
Obesity or weight gain: one in two women with PCOS are
obese
Depression
Deepening of voice
Treatment
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Medical treatment of PCOS is tailored to
the patient's goals. Broadly, these may
be considered under four categories:
Lowering of insulin levels
Restoration of fertility
Treatment of hirsutism or acne
Restoration of regular menstruation, and
prevention of endometrial hyperplasia
and endometrial cancer