How to screen?
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Transcript How to screen?
Diabetes in Pregnancy
Classification
Pregestational diabetes
Type 1 DM
Type 2 DM
Secondary DM
Gestational diabetes
Definition
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is defined as glucose
intolerance of variable degree with onset or first
recognition during the present pregnancy.
Pregestational diabetes precedes the diagnosis
of pregnancy.
Magnitude of problem: GDM
GDM varies worldwide and among different racial and
ethnic groups within a country
Variability is partly because of the different criteria and
screening regimens
Whom to screen ?
Risk stratification based on certain variables
Low risk : no screening
Average risk: at 24-28 weeks
High risk : as soon as possible
Low risk for GDM
To satisfy all these criteria
Age <25 years
Weight normal before pregnancy
Member of an ethnic group with a low prevalence of GDM
No known diabetes in first-degree relatives
No history of abnormal glucose tolerance
No history of poor obstetric outcome
Intermediate risk
At least one of the criteria in the list
High risk
Marked obesity
Prior GDM
Glycosuria
Strong family history
Screening and Diagnosis of GDM in
the U.S.
Use the 50 g oral glucose challenge with BS
taken 1 hour later
Screen all pregnant women @ 24-28 weeks
Test earlier in selected patients
Threshold of 130 mg/dL or greater
How to screen?
Oral glucose tolerance
test ( OGTT) with 100 gm
glucose
Fasting
95 mg/dl
1-h
180 mg/dl
2-h
155 mg/dl
3-h
140 mg/dl
• Overnight fast of at least 8 hours
• At least 3 days of unrestricted diet
and unlimited physical activity
• > 2 values must be abnormal
Urine monitoring
Urine glucose monitoring is not useful in gestational
diabetes mellitus
Urine ketone monitoring may be useful in detecting
insufficient caloric or carbohydrate intake in women
treated with calorie restriction
Problems of GDM: fetal
Increases the risk of fetal macrosomia
Neonatal hypoglycemia
Jaundice
Polycythemia
Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia
Birth trauma
Prematurity
Problems: fetal
Cardiac( including great vessel anomalies) : most common
Central nervous system: 7.2%
Skeletal: cleft lip/palate, caudal regression syndrome
Genitourinary tract: ureteric duplication
Gastrointestinal : anorectal atresia
Poor glycemic control at time of conception: risk factor
Caudal regression syndrome
Caudal regression syndrome
Problems of GDM: maternal
Weight gain
Maternal hypertensive disorders
Miscarriages
Third trimester fetal deaths
Cesarean delivery (due fetal growth disorders)
Long term risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Pregnancy in diabetic mother: risks
Progression of retinopathy: esp. severe proliferative
retinopathy
Progression of nephropathy: especially if renal failure +
Coronary artery disease: Post MI patients: high risk of
maternal death
Management
Preconception counselling
Diabetic mother : glycemic control with insulin/SMBG
Target: HbA1c < 7%
Folic acid supplementation: 5 mg/day
Ensure no transmissible diseases: HBsAg, HIV, rubella
Try and achieve normal body weight: diet/exercise
Stop drugs : oral hypoglycemic drugs, ACE inhibitors,
beta blockers
Clinical parameters: checked at each visit
medications
pre-pregnancy weight
weight gain
edema
pallor
blood pressure
Fundal height
Patient education
Cornerstone in GDM management
Maternal complication
Fetal complication
Medical Nutrition therapy
Glycemic monitoring: SMBG and targets
Fetal monitoring: ultrasound
Planning on delivery
Long term risks
Glycemic targets
Fasting venous plasma < 95 mg/dl
2 hour postprandial <120 mg/dl
1 hour postprandial <130 mg/dl (140)
Pre-meal and bedtime: 60 to 95 mg/dl
If diet therapy fails to maintain these targets > 2
times/week, start insulin
These are venous plasma targets, not glucometer targets
Why these tight glycemic targets?
Prospective study in type1 patients with pregnancy
FBS
Macrosomia
>105 mg/dl
95-105
<95 mg/dl
28.6 %
10%
3%
GDM
Medical nutrition therapy
Failure to maintain glycemic
targets
INSULIN THERAPY
Medical nutrition therapy
Promote nutrition necessary for maternal and fetal health
Adequate energy levels for appropriate gestational weight
gain,
Achievement and maintenance of normoglycemia
Absence of ketones
Regular aerobic exercises
Medical nutrition therapy
Approximately 30 kcal/kg of ideal body weight
> 40-45% should be carbohydrates
6-7 meals daily( 3 meals , 3-4 snacks). Bed time snack to prevent
ketosis
Calories guided by fetal well being/maternal weight gain/blood
sugars/ ketones
Energy requirements during the first 6 months of lactation
require an additional 200 calories above the pregnancy meal
plan.
Self monitored blood glucose
4 times/day minimum, fasting and 1 to 2
hours after start of meals
Maintain log book
Use a memory meter
Calibrate the glucometer frequently
Fetal monitoring
Baseline ultrasound : fetal size
At 18-22 weeks: major malformations
fetal echocardiogram
26 weeks onwards: growth and liquor volume
III trimester: frequent USG for accelerated growth
( abdominal: head circumference)
Timing of delivery
Small risk of late IUD even with good control
Delivery at 38 weeks
Beyond 38 weeks, increased risk of IUD without an
increase in RDS
Vaginal delivery: preferred
Caesarian section only for routine obstetric indication
just GDM is not an indication !
Unfavorable condition of the cervix is a problem
4500 grams, cesarean delivery may reduce the likelihood of
brachial plexus injury in the infant (ACOG)
Management of labor and delivery
Maternal hyperglycemia in labor: fetal hyperinsulinemia,
worsen fetal acidosis
Maintain sugars: 80-120 mg/dl (capillary: 70-110mg/dl )
Feed patient the routine GDM diet
Maintain basal glucose requirements
Monitor sugars 1-4 hrly intervals during labour
Give insulin only if sugars more than 120 mg/dl
Glycemic management during labour
Later stages of labour: start dextrose to maintain basal
nutritional requirements: 150-200 ml/hr of 5% dextrose
Elective LSCS: check FBS, if in target no insulin, start
dextrose drip
Continue hourly SMBG
Post delivery keep patients on dextrose-normal saline till
fed
No insulin unless sugars more than normal ( not GDM
targets ! )
Post partum follow up
Check blood sugars before discharge
Breast feeding: helps in weight loss
Lifestyle modification: exercise, weight reduction
OGTT at 6-12 weeks postpartum: classify patients into
normal/impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes
Preconception counseling for next pregnancy
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease,
future diabetes and dyslipidemia
Immediate management of neonate
Hypoglycemia : 50 % of macrosomic infants
5–15 % optimally controlled GDM
Starts when the cord is clamped
Exaggerated insulin release secondary to pancreatic ß-cell
hyperplasia
Increased risk : blood glucose during labor and delivery
exceeds 90 mg/dl
Anticipate and treat hypoglycemia in the infant
Management of neonate
Hypoglycemia <40 mg/dl
Encourage early breast feeding
If symptomatic give a bolus of 2- 4 cc/kg, IV, 10% dextrose
Check after 30 minutes, start feeds
IV dextrose : 6-8 mg/kg/min infusion
Check for calcium, if seizure/irritability/RDS
Examine infant for other congenital abnormalities
Long term risk: offspring
Increased risk of obesity and abnormal
glucose tolerance
Due to changes in fetal islet cell function
Encourage breast feeding: less chance of obesity in later
life
Lifestyle modification
Conclusion
Gestational diabetes is a common problem
Risk stratification and screening is essential in all pregnant
women
Tight glycemic targets are required for optimal maternal
and fetal outcome
Patient education is essential to meet these targets
Long term follow up of the mother and baby is essential
17 pound baby born to Brazilian diabetic mother Courtesy: MSNBC News Services
Jan. 24, 2005
thank you