Transcript Template to create a scientific poster

Student Poster Presentations
Mental Health Systems in Criminal
Justice
Spring 2014 – Dr. Gene Bonham, Jr.,
Professor
• Each spring, this class participates in a three-pronged
project in which they research a topic related to the
criminalization of the mentally ill and the response of
the criminal justice system. They write a paper on
their topic, present a PowerPoint presentation sharing
what they learn with the class, and present a poster
presentation. In past years, the posters have been
presented in person at symposiums and conferences.
This year, the class is doing an electronic presentation.
Please take a look at the variety and scope of topics
presented. Also note the names of the students
participating this year. They all deserve a pat on the
back for a job well done!
Background of Poster
Presentations
Asylums and Prisons: One in the Same
Alexis Barbosa
The University of Central Missouri
Introduction
Since the beginning of time, there have been
criminals and there have been people with mental
illness. They have been dealt with the same way
throughout most of history: death, outcast,
incarcerated and rehabilitated. The only difference
that these two share is the name of the facility in
which they are housed. The terms asylum, mental
institution, and mental hospital can be used
interchangeably. All of these terms are important
and hold the same amount of value in their varying
definitions. In a summary, all definitions mean that
it is a building structure where people go for
treatment of their mental illness. The history and
structure of the mental institutions, as well as the
different programs that are offered and the different
types of people who live in these places will be
examined. Prisons will also be explored in this
context and then there will be a comparison of the
two places. Finally, this will cover how the two
establishments need to work together to better the
offenders’ needs.
Working Together
Those who have mental illnesses and were in facilities designated for their
illness were forced out onto the streets when they closed down due to
funding shifting. Since the patients were homeless and had no one to care
for them, they would forget or deliberately not take their medication.
When they did not take their medication, their symptoms became worse
and the only solution in their mind was to do whatever was possible to
survive. If this meant fighting the “dragon” in the middle of the street with
a sword, they would. Or if they needed other non-prescription medication,
they would find it and take it. Due to these actions, the patient would then
be arrested by the cops and sent to prison for their crime. They would
then be released from the prison and would start the cycle all over again
(Slate, Buffington-Vollum & Johnson, 2013). This cycle still holds true
today even though there are mental health institutions that can help
them. The patient now turned inmate does not belong in a prison setting
where there is not enough staff to help them but also allow the inmate to
serve the time for the crime that they committed. The two institutions
need to work together to insure that the patient/inmate realizes the crime
they committed and that it was wrong, but also be able to provide a safe
place for the patient/inmate to get the help they need. This is a very fine
line and can be crossed very easily if not properly prepared for a situation
like this. It is important that both facilities take part in trainings and be
prepared for a situation like this to occur. Perhaps, there can even be a
facility that is created that will only take those who are mentally ill and
commit a crime. Then only the staff members who are equipped with the
knowledge and skill to handle these types of inmates are allowed around
the patients/inmates.
Mental Health Facilities
Prisons
• The oldest prison in America was in New Jersey and was
opened in 1798.
• In the 1960’s and 1970’s, the rehabilitation model was
dominant and prisons were converted in to correctional
institutions.
• In the 1960’s, the civil right movement affected prisoners and
especially inmates who were minorities. Prisoners began to
demand their constitutional rights and have a more sensitive
staff towards their needs.
• In the past 30 years, there has been more African Americans
and Hispanic inmates and more inmates have come from rural
areas where there are drug-related and violent offenses.
• Today, a typical cell is 8 by 6 feet and has just enough room to
take a few steps until they are in front of their door.
• A cell will have at least one bed in it, with a maximum of 3 beds
in one cell, depending on population and funding. The beds are
either free standing or they are bolted to the floor or wall.
• The cell will also have a toilet and a sink for restroom usage. A
window will also be provided so that the inmate(s) will have a
view of outside the prison. Finally, the cells will typically, but
not always, have a desk or a table of some sort in it.
• The cells will be grouped off into blocks and there is a central
hub for the guards to stand watch at.
• There is three types of models that are predominate with
incarceration: custodial, rehabilitation, and reintegration.
• In the custodial model, it is assumed that
prisoners have been incarcerated simply for the
purpose of incapacitation, deterrence, or
retribution.
• The rehabilitation model focuses on
rehabilitation and treatment of the prisoners.
• The reintegration model recognizes that
prisoners will eventually be released and that
they need to reintegrate them into society
before that release date.
• In the Pre-Civilization ages, people thought that their behavior
was due to evil spirits that inhabited their head.
• The Ancient Civilization, Hippocrates was the first to identify
conditions that are now known as mental illnesses, like phobias,
anxiety, depression and mania.
• The Middle Ages, the thought of those with mental illnesses
reverted back to the thought that they were possessed with
demonic sprits and must be cleansed to be healed.
• Bethlem Royal Hospital (or Bedlam) in England was the first
institution in the Western world that confined the “lunatics”.
• Many of the patients were said to be tortured and in misery
their whole stay at the hospital.
• Eastern Lunatic Asylum in Williamsburg, Virginia was said to be
the first psychiatric institution in America.
• Their first patient was admitted on October 12 in
1773.
• In the beginning, the hospital had 24 cells that had a door with
a barred window that looked on a dim central passage, a
mattress, a chamber pot, and an iron ring in the wall to which
the patient's wrist or leg was attached.
• The types of treatments that were available to the patients
were strong drugs, plunge baths and other "shock" water
treatment, bleeding, and blistering salves.
• In 1885, an electrical fire broke out and destroyed the original
building and 5 other buildings.
• After this time, more asylums started to open in the United
States. However, they begin to lose their narrow focus of
housing only mentally ill patients who were said to be a danger
and opened their doors to anyone who had a mental illness and
even some who did not.
• What funding is left for mental health facilities goes toward the
psychiatric hospitals and acute inpatient facilities.
• Mental facilities are designed with these certain aspects in
mind:
• The amount of space for the caretakers is
minimal.
• Visual supervision must be achieved at all times.
• All spaces must be big enough to accommodate,
but not be redundant.
Similarities
• Both prisons and inmates are allowed recreational and therapeutic time.
• Both are housed in rooms (cells) that are only big enough to be livable in.
• “Not In My Backyard” phenomenon is common with both facilities
• The type of staff that works at both facilities can have a power struggle with the inmates/ patients.
Conclusions
In conclusion, asylums, mental health facilities,
mental intuitions, etc. and prisons are similar in
their setup and operation. They also tend to house
the same type of people in their facilities. With the
proper education and training, both facilities could
be able to handle those special cases where the
patient is also an inmate and where the inmate is
also a patient. States should work harder to
accommodate those who need the special help that
they deserve. If every American is allowed life,
liberty and pursuit of happiness, then those with
mental illnesses deserve the same, even if they
commit a crime that is not right. Those who are in
prisons today are working for a better tomorrow
and those who are mentally ill deserve the same
respect.
References
•Campling, P., Davies, S., & Farquharson, G. (2004).
From toxic institutions to therapeutic environments.
The Royal College of Psychiatrists.
•Carr, R. F. (2011, April 21). Psychiatric facility.
Retrieved from
http://www.wbdg.org/design/psychiatric.php
•The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. (2014).
Public hospital: The colonial williamsburg official
history & citizen site. Retrieved from
http://www.history.org/almanack/places/hb/hbhos.
cfm
•Clear, T. R., Cole, G. F., & Resig, M. D. (2006).
American corrections. (7th ed., pp. 242-262).
Belmont, California: Thomas Wadsworth.
•Grabianowski, Ed. "How Prisons Work" 24 January
2007. HowStuffWorks.com.
<http://people.howstuffworks.com/prison.htm> 11
April 2014.
•Slate, R., Buffington-Vollum, J., & Johnson, W. W.
(2013). The criminalization of mental illness. (2 ed.).
Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
•Wilkinson, R. (1995). Revolutionizing Mental Health
Care in Ohio Prisons. The Correctional Psychologist.
The Mentally Ill and School Shootings
Sarah Clark
The University of Central Missouri
Introduction
 How do the mentally ill and the criminal
justice system correlate?
 Hypothesis:
• When gaining insight into the
correlation between these two topics
people have to understand how
prevalent mental illness is throughout
society, instances of school shooting
and the mentally ill, and possible
solutions to the issue.
Statistics
 2013 had eighteen school shootings in
high schools, colleges and middle
schools across the nation.
 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and
older, about one in four adults, suffer
from a diagnosable mental disorder in a
given year
School Shootings
 Why do school shootings occur?
• Lack of societal care for mentally ill
• Lack of the necessary medical care
facilities
• There is no where to place these
individuals, other than correctional
facilities.
 Characteristics and signs of these
individuals
• Emotional/ withdrawn
• Falling behind in school
• Show current extreme evidence of
mental disorder
• Previous history
 Instances
• Seung- Hui Cho- 2007 Virginia Tech
Shooting (left)
• Adam Lanza- 2013 Sandy Hook
Elementary shooting (right)
 There are 705,600 inmates in State
prisons, 78,800 in Federal prisons, and
479,900 in local jails that have mental
disorders. (percentages below)
The Correctional System
 How the mentally ill are handled
• Officers do not know how to deal with
the mentally ill.
• Do not fair well due to lack of help
• Mentally ill end up in solitary
confinement
Conclusions
 Possible solutions to the issue
• Learn to identify potential threats
• Schools and mental health facilities
work together
o Offer help to those who need it
Summary
 The mentally ill play a role within school
shootings
 Correction facilities do not know how to
handle these individuals.
 There are many possible solutions to
prevent school shootings.
References
1. A&E Televison Networks (2007, April 16). Massacre at virginia tech leaves
32 dead. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from History:
http://www.history.com/this-dayin-history/massacreat-virginia-tech-leaves-32-dead
2. Berkoqicz, J., & Myers, A. (2013, October 22). School shootings: Mental
health matters. Education Week.
3. Dikel, W. (2012). School shootings and student mental health: What lies
beneath the tip of the iceberg. Retrieved from National School Boards
Association: http://www.nsba.org/Search?SearchPhrase=dikel
4. Friedman, E. (2009, August 9). Va. tech shooter seung-hui cho's mental
health records released. ABC News.
5. Glaze, L. E., & James, D. J. (2006, September 6). Mental health problems
of prison and jail inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
6. Langman, P. (2010). Rampage school schooters: A typology. The Lee Salk
Center.
7. National Institute of Mental Health. (2005). The Numbers Count: Mental
Disorders in America. Retrieved from National Institute of Mental Health:
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mentaldisorders-in-america/index.shtml#Intro
8. O'Toole, M. E. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment
perspective. National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime , 52.
9. Robertz, F. (2007, July 30). Deadly dreams: What motivates school
shootings? Scientific American , p. 4.
10.Roussey, T. (2013, November 25). Adam lanza undoubtedly afflicted with
mental
health problems. ABC 7.
11. University Wire. (2013, November 5). Mental health's hand in school
shootings. University Wire.
Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia, PTSD, Bipolar Disorder
Robert Cunningham
University of Central Missouri
Facts
Definitions
What is a Psychotic Disorder
(psychosis)?
Psychosis
-Number of people with psychotic disorders vary they also vary widely in their behavior
Summary

While more than 2/3 of people who have a psychotic
disorder, may suffer a return of symptoms sometime in
there life. The combination of medication, treatment , and
education will help improve how greatly a person is able to
function.

The shorter the amount of time from when the person
begins having psychiatric symptoms to when treatment
begins, the better the prognosis and better help they may
be able to receive.

“In changing scenarios of welfare and healthcare, mental
health- and specifically the unsatisfactory availability of
effective tools to decrease the clinical, social, and
economic burden of psychoses- has become a central
issue”. (Terzian, Tognoni, Bracco, De Ruggleri, Ficociello,
Mezzina, Pillo 2013)
-The first time a person has their first sign or first psychotic symptoms is usually between the ages of 18 and 24 years of age.
Is a loss of contact with reality that
usually includes: False beliefs
about what is taking place or who
one is (delusions) ; Seeing or
hearing things that aren't there
(hallucinations). (google.com)
Three Psychotic Disorders:
Schizophrenia-is a mental disorder
that makes it hard to: Tell the
difference between what is real and
not real, think clearly, have normal
emotional responses, and act
normally in social situations.
(google.com)
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)-is a type of anxiety
disorder. It can occur after you
have gone through an extreme
emotional trauma that involved the
threat of injury or death.
(google.com)
Bipolar Disorder-is a condition in
which a person has periods of
depression and periods of being
extremely happy or being cross or
irritable. (google.com)
-There are genetic , biological, environmental, and psychological risk factors for developing psychotic disorders
-Treatments for psychotic disorders include medications, mental health education, psychotherapy, community supportive services
-Psychotic disorders known to run in families
-Men at higher risk than woman of developing a psychotic disorder
PTSD
-“PTSD has been given many names throughout history, including soldier’s heart, cardiac weakness, traumatic shock, traumatic
neurosis, nervous shock, shell shock, neurocirculatory asthenia, war psychoneurosis, battle fatigue, combat exhaustion”. (Callura,
Lende 2012)
- Individuals who develop PTSD face multiple life burdens such as violence, homelessness, unemployment, criminal justice
involvement, domestic violence, and suicidality.
-“The development of PTSD can be because of these factors. Shame in relation to the traumatic event, a sense of continued
threat, a threat of life goals, the fear of losing control, and the threat of being unaccepted by others”. (Brunet, Birchwood,
Upthegrove, Michail, Ross 2012)
-Following a traumatic event, most people will experience such feelings as fear, sadness, guilt, and anger, with some come
anxiety, depression, and substance misuse problems.
-“Exposure to at least one traumatic event across the lifetime is experienced by approximately 83% of men and 75% of women”.
(Bailey, Webster, Baker, Kavanagh 2012)
- Men are more likely to report a greater number of traumatic event exposure, while women are likely to meet criteria for PTSD.
-“People in combat zones as well as people who engage in hazardous and life-threatening service such as first-line responders in
emergency zones, experience higher rates of PTSD”. (Collura, Lende 2012)
Schizophrenia
-Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder that is often, continuous, severe, and disabling.
-“It affects approximately 1% of the population and it is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disordered thought cognitive
impairment, blunted emotions, and subtle motor abnormalities”. (Scherr, Hamann, Scwerthoffer, Frobose, Vukovich, Pitschellwalz, Bauml 2012)
-Criminal behavior, more straight to the point violent behavior is a major problem among patients with schizophrenia.

Major efforts in the last decade have been devoted to
improving the quality of psychiatric care, in particular to
ensure the use of basic processes of care including
access, detection, treatment appropriateness, safety, and
continuity of care. “Ultimately, better quality of care, as
REFERENCES
reflected by implementation of clinical guideline
recommendations
is Michail,
expected
toK.translate
into study
improved
Brunet, K.,
Birchwood, M., Upthegrove, R.,
M., & Ross,
(2012) A prospective
of PTSD
following recovery from first-episode psychosis: The threat from persecutors, voices and patient
patient
outcomes”. (Pedersen, Wallenstein, Jensen,
hood.
Nordentoft,
Mainz
2013)
British Journal of Clinical
Psychology,
Vol. 51 (issue 4) Pg. 418-433
DOI: 10:1111/j.2044-8260.2012.02037.x
Tarrier, N., & Picken, A. (2011) Co-morbid PTSD and Suicidality in individuals with schizophrenia and
substance and alcohol abuse.
Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 46 (issue 11) Pg. 1079-1086
DOI: 10.1007/500127-010-0277-0
Bailey, K., Webster, R., Baker, A.L., Kavanagh, D.J. (2012) Exposure to dysfunctional parenting and trauma
events and posttraumatic stress profiles among a treatment sample with coexisting depression and
alcohol use problems.
Drugs & Alcohol Review, Vol. 31(issue 4) Pg. 529-537
-“The risk of violent offences is 2 to 7 times higher, compared with the general population”. (Pedersen, Wallenstein Jensen,
Nordentoft, Mainz 2013)
-Cannabis use is highly in use among patients with schizophrenia, particularly with young people, and it is associated with an
unfavorable course of the disorder and overall poor long-term outcomes.
DOI: 10.1111/j. 1465-3362.2011.00401.x
Collura, G.L. & Lende, D.H. (2012) Post- traumatic stress disorder and neuroanthropology: Stopping PTSD
before it begins.
Annals of Anthropological Practice, Vol. 36 (issue 1) Pg. 131-148
DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-9588.2012.01096x
-Suicide ideation and suicide attempts are common with as many as half of all patients who have schizophrenia.
- “Most recent estimates indicate 4.9% of schizophrenic patients will commit suicide during their lifetime”. (Tarrier, Picken 2011)
Bipolar disorder
-“Bipolar disorder is a severe, recurrent mental illness affecting 1-4% of the population”. (Kaplan, Talbot, Gruber, Harvey 2012)
-This disorder impairs behavior, social, occupational, physical functioning, and general health.
-This illness also frequently includes sleep disturbance. Because people with this illness have sleep problems there is a link
between this disorder and its association with elevated rates of unemployment, absenteeism, and poor work performance.
-“Tobacco smoking is two to three times more common among people with bipolar disorder (BD) than among individuals without
the disorder and has dire health consequences”. (Heffner, Delbello, Anthenelli, Fleck, Alder, Strakowski 2012)
Schnell, T., Becker, T., Thiel, M., & Gouzoulis-manfrank, E. (2013) Craving in patients with schizophrenia
and cannabis use disorders.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 58 (issue 11) Pg. 646-694
ebscohost.com
Terzian, E., Tognoni, G., Bracco, R., De Ruggleri, E., Ficociello, R., Mezzina, R., & Pillo, G. (2013) Social
network intervention in patients with schizophrenia and marked social withdrawal: A randomized
controlled study.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 58 (issue 11) Pg. 622-631
Ebscohost.com
Scherr, M., Hamann, M., Scwerthoffer, D., Frobose, T., Vukovich, R., Pitschell-walz, G., &
Bauml, J. (2012) Environmental risk factors and their impact of the age of onset of
schizophrenia: comparing familial to non-familial schizophrenia.
Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 66 (issue 2) Pg. 107-114
-“The disorder cost significantly more than most other mental illnesses to treat and places a stark burden on patients, including
increased risk of suicide and profound disruptions in work and social functioning”. (Zimmerman, Martinez, Young, Chelminsky,
Dalrympie 2012) “Indeed, the average cost incurred per year for a single patient with BD is US $10,402 in medication,
hospitalization, and treatment”. (Hawke, Provencher, Parikh, Zagorski 2013)
DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2011.605171
Pedersen, C., Wallenstein Jensen, S., Nordentoft,M., & Mainz, J., (2013) Processes of inhospital psychiatric care and subsequent criminal behavior among patients with
schizophrenia: A national population-bared; follow up study.
Canadian Journal of psychiatry, Vol. 56 (issue 9) Pg. 515-521
ebscohost.com
(4 references left out because the could not fit)
Policing the Mentally ill
Timothy Fink
University of Central Missouri
ABSTRACT
Police officer interaction with mentally ill and
the policies enacted to reduce the negative
interactions with those who suffer from a
mental illness.
What do we look at?
The major issue here is the view of mentally
ill. To find out how we better help those with
a mental illness, we must convey it is a
serious problem.
What do we look at?
 The amount of police interactions
reported in major newspaper articles
 Patrol officer views on the mentally ill
 Patrol officer views on Crisis Intervention
Teams
 Administrative views on the Mentally Ill
 Administrative views on Crisis
Intervention Teams
REFERENCES
Barker, J. (2013). Police encounters with the mentally ill
after deinstitutionalization. Psychiatric
Times, 30(1), 9.
Slate, R., Jacqueline, B., & Wesley, J. (2013). The criminalization of mental illness. (2nd
ed.).
Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
Sanow, E. (2006). CRISIS INTERVENTION TEAM. Law & Order, 54(12), 26-28,31-32,3435. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/197241614?accountid=6143
RESULTS
 Administrative officials in law enforcement
see Crisis Intervention Teams as a
success. They state the amount of
negative interactions between officers and
the mentally ill have decreased
significantly
Negative interactions with
physical/deadly force consequences.
Alabama
7 Montata
Alaska
1 Nebraska
Arizona
5 Nevada
Arkansas
4 New Hampshire
California
42 New Jersey
 Patrol level officers see Crisis Intervention Colorado
3 New Mexico
Teams as an excessive amount of training Connecticut
3 New york
for an issue that officers already know how Delaware
0 North Carolina
to handle
District of Columbia
2 North Dakota
Florida
27 Ohio
 285 from a rough database on major
Georgia
2 Oklahoma
physical altercations between police and
Hawaii
0 Oregon
people with a mental disease.
Idaho
0 Pennsulvania
Illinois
6 Rhode Island
CONCLUSIONS
Indiana
4 South Carolina
 Over 2800 departments have Crisis
Iowa
2 South Dakota
Intervention Team training, such as
Kansas
2 Tennessee
Kansas City, St. Louis, New York, Los
Kentucky
4 Texas
Angeles, Chicago, and other major
Lousiana
5 Utah
departments.
Maine
3 Vermont
 Crisis Intervention Teams DO work, even Maryland
7 Virginia
despite what a patrol officer thinks of the
Massachusetts
1 Washington
training.
Michigan
1 West Virginia
 The biggest issue with mental illness is
Minnesota
3 Wisconsin
public opinion, if the public starts to notice Mississippi
3 Wyoming
that mentally ill people are just people, the Missouri
1
police will follow suit and more drastic
changes will be taken to fix the problem
The above is the amount of negative
that is the labeling system of the mentally
interactions with a minimum of physical
ill
altercation with police and schizophrenics
publicized by major newspaper outlets.
1
1
1
3
9
3
15
6
0
10
5
5
10
2
4
0
3
23
4
1
6
8
1
3
0
Crisis Intervention Training
Jennifer Forester
University of Central Missouri
What are crisis intervention teams?
According to the National Alliance on mental health
{NAMI], “C.I.T programs are local initiatives designed to
improve the way law enforcement and the community
responds to people experiencing mental health crises.
They are built on strong partnerships between law
enforcement, mental health provider agencies and
individuals and families affected by mental illness.” Police
officers are likely to encounter a PWMI at least once a
month. This program was created to ensure the safety of
our law enforcement officers and to eliminate ineffective
fatal encounters between PWMI’s and first responders.
Training Procedures For Officers.
 40 Hours of class room style training.
 Mental Health Signs
 Symptoms
 Medications & Side Effects
 A tour of local Mental Health Facilities
 Verbal De- escalation techniques
 Active Listening Skills
 Restraint techniques promoting reduced
force.
 Suicide Prevention
Results of Training in the US
According to a recent news release from the
American Psychiatric Association, they
examined officer behavior in more than 1,000
emergency encounters. CIT-trained officers
had sizable and persisting improvements in
knowledge, diverse attitudes about mental
illnesses and their treatments, self-efficacy
for interacting with someone with psychosis
or suicidality, social distance stigma, deescalation skills, and referral decisions. The
effectiveness of CIT training was also
supported by data from the trained officers’
emergency encounters, which were more
likely to result in referral or transport of the
person to mental health services and less
likely to result in arrest—a form of prebooking jail diversion.”
Figure 1. Specialized Response Data.
The Mental Health Based Mental Health
Response has shown to be the most effective
out of the three specialized responses.
Effectiveness of CIT Training
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Helps prevent future crisis
Enhances officer safety
De-Stigmatizes PWMI’s
Diversion Programs
Medication Knowledge
Understanding Symptoms
Decreased arrests rates
You Community needs your Support!
A great way to help support crisis
Intervention Training in your community is to
become a member of CIT International. This
organization create awareness, expand
programming, and creates the programs to
educate our officers.
http://www.citinternational.org/
REFERENCES
1. Fogelson, D. (2013, January 26). NAMI: National
Alliance on Mental Illness - Mental Health ....
Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Advocacy Toolkit.
Retrieved April 14, 2014, from
http://www.nami.org/
2. Woody, M. (2011, August 22). CIT Brochure . CIT
International. Retrieved March 5, 2014, from
http://www.citinternational.org/
3. Herold, E. (2014, April 1). Crisis Intervention
Training for Police Officers Effective in Helping
Respond to Individuals with Behavioral
Disorders. www.psychiatry.org.. Retrieved April
10, 2014, from http://www.psychiatry.org.
Abstract
The History of Mental Illness & the Publics Perception
Krishonya Greer
CJ 4330
Mental illness affects the condition of ones mind. A
mental illness is never the fault of one person.
Mental illnesses also carry different effects for
different people. The learning and understanding of
mental illnesses has been continuous throughout the
years with the discovery of new medicine and other
treatment options.
Introduction
RESULTS
Discussion
Mental illness has had a long history not only here in the United
Ancient Civilizations
•Dates back to the stone age
•Strange behaviors were related to evil spirits, possessions, or
displeasure from the gods.
•Trephining used to treat mental illness
•Family or clan left in charge on managing individuals with mental
illness
•Exorcisms, incantations, prayer, and other methods used to drive out
spirits
•Ancient Greece first to document perspectives on the mind and mental
illness
•Hippocrates first to identify conditions of mental illness
•Spots on the skin to identify a mental illness
Middle Ages
•Religion, religion, religion!
•Exorcism rituals
•Rich vs. poor in terms of treatment
•Fear of labels such as a witch
•Johann Weyer
•Freedom to those who arent a danger
•Isolation of those with mental illness
•Awful treatment for the insane
Age of Enlightenment
•Significant changes made
•Capital punishment
•“Undesirables” state of mind
•Advances in treatment options and treatment of individuals
Pre-Civil War
•Mental illness viewed as immorality
•Harsh punishment
•Few community resources
•First organized societal initiative to manage mentally ill was through
the construction of the Eastern Lunatic Asylum in Virginia
•Benjamin Rush father of American Psychiatry
•Dorothea Dix ‘s impact on mental illness
Clearly, you can see the broad history of mental illness. It has spanned many
States, but all over the world. According to the National Alliance
on Mental Illness, approximately 61.5 million people experience
mental illness in a given year and one in 17 Americans live with a
serious mental illness. The publics perception of this illness has
always been a negative one due to media perception and rumors.
Many people don’t fully understand mental illness so it is crucial in
this day and age to educate people on these horrible illnesses.
Mental illness is described as a medical condition that disrupts a
person’s thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others, and
daily functioning. Treating individuals with mental illnesses has
been a long process of trial and error guided by false knowledge
and poor attitudes. These attitudes have been shaped by ideas from
politics, society, the economy, and advances in the fields of
science, medicine, and psychology. Mental illness costs America
$193.2 billion in lost earnings per year.
METHODS
• Emil Kraepelln’s findings on schizophrenia
• State hospitals overwhelmed and overcrowded
The World Wars
• Negative attitudes towards foreigners
• Xenophobia- fear/hatred of people from other
countries
• New disorder- PTSD
• Electo-convulsive therapy
• Insulin-induced comas
• Lobotomies
• Electro-shock therapy
• National Mental Health Act
• New medicines
Mental Illness Today
• Treatment resources
• Medicine
Medias role in mental illness
• Television
• Newspapers
• Misrepresentations of violence
Stigmas of Mental Illness
• Not in my backyard mentality
• Assumed violence of persons with mental illness
• Avoidance of employing and working with PWMI
years and continues to change daily. The importance of this paper and the
importance of mental illness is to teach those who do not know about these
diseases so we can avoid negative stigmas
REFERENCES
• National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.).
Statistics: Any Disorder Among Adults. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1ANYDIS_ADULT.shtml
• Prevalence numbers were calculated using NIMH percentages (cited)
and 2010 Census data. Census data is available at: United States
Census Bureau. (revised 2011). “USA [State & County QuickFacts].”
Retrieved March 2, 2014, from
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html
• Slate, R., Buffington-Vollum, J., & Johnson, W. (2013). The
criminalization
of mental illness. (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina:
• Mental Illness of Ancient Civilizations
State hospitals
• The Middle Ages
Picture/Chart
• The Age of Enlightenment
impact on the
Picture/Chart
• Pre Civil War
have had a large
history of mental
• The World Wars
illness.
• Mental Illness today
• Medias role in mental illness
There are a variety
• Stigmas of mental illness
of mental illness
Lobotomies were a standard
procedure to “cure” mental
Thorazine was discovered in
Picture/Chart
that can affect a
Paris and used to treat
person.
illnesses.
symptoms of mentall illness.
Carolina Academic Press.
• Giliberti, Mary. "NAMI - The National Alliance on Mental Illness." NAMI.
NAMI, n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2014.
Mentally Ill Inmates
Lindsay Grindel
University of Central Missouri
ABSTRACT
Deinstitutionalization has caused our
society and our special needs individuals
a great deal. Deinstitutionalization has
moved mentally handicapped people
back out into society where they are not
getting the proper treatment and
medication that they need. These
individuals then start to self-medicate and
end up facing law officials and time in
jails.
ISSUES
MENTAL DISORDERS
 Patients went back into society without
proper care
 Appropriate health care is not as readily
available
 Schizophrenia
 Deinstitutionalization took away multiple
jobs
 Bipolar Disorder
 Stress is put back on the families
 Correctional and police officers are trained
to deal with mental illness
 Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)
 Disorders worsen in correctional facilities
DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION
Began in the 1960s
Our most recent heath reform
The true driving force to
deinstitutionalization was cutting
costs and budget cuts
Deinstitutionalization effected
the patients as well as the
families
Our society now relies on our
correctional system to be the
primary health provider for
individuals with a mental
disorder
REFERENCES











Aufderheide, D. (2011)
Coffey, P. (2012)
Geiman, D. (2012)
Payne, E., Watt, A., Rogers, P., &
McMurran, M. (2008)
Samuel, L. B., Vincent, B. V. H., Abigail,
S. T., & Gregory, M. V. (2011)
Swann, A. C. (2006)
Tahir, L. (2003)
Tewksbury, R., & Dabney, D. (2009)
Tucker, A. S., Van, V. B., & Russell, S. A.
(2008)
Wright, E. R., Avirappattu, G., & Lafuze, J.
E. (1999)
Wynne, D., & Jacques, K. S. (2011)
OPTIONS
Better training for law officials
and correctional officers
Police and correctional
officers need to have the
same goals when it comes to
helping individuals with
mental illness
Mental health clinicians need
to figure out what works best
for their facilities
Solitary Confinement With the Mentally Ill
Alec Hart
University of Central Missouri
Solitary Confinement
“The adverse effects of solitary confinement are
especially significant for persons with serious
mental illness, commonly defined as a major mental
disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major
depressive disorder) that is usually characterized by
psychotic symptoms and/or significant functional
impairments. The stress, lack of meaningful social
contact, and unstructured days can exacerbate
symptoms of illness or provoke recurrence,”
(Berry).
Solitary Confinement shows little positives when
dealing with Mentally Ill people in the prison
systems. Not only that, but there are statistics that
show Solitary Confinement.
“Isolation can be psychologically harmful to any
prisoner, with the nature and severity of the impact
depending on the individual, the duration, and
particular conditions (e.g., access to natural light,
books, or radio). Psychological effects can include
anxiety, depression, anger, cognitive disturbances,
perceptual distortions, obsessive thoughts, paranoia,
and psychosis,” (Blackmon).
The most important teaching within this semester
has been how to be pro-active instead of reactive
when dealing with people who come in contact with
Mentally Ill people while on the job of Criminal
Justice Activities.
Methods/Theories
Pros of Solitary Confinement Cons of Solitary Confinement
In theory, solitary confinement is for the worst of
the worst prisoners, those who cause serious,
usually violent, disruptions in the general prison
population. In practice, these kinds of prisoners
make up only a small minority of the segregated
population in U.S. prisons.
The biggest reason for the use of solitary
confinement is when prisoners are dangerous to
others. Supporters of solitary confinement argue
that some prisoners need to be separated from
society at large for their own safety and the safety
of others.
Positivist Theory: As defined, the positivist rejects
the idea that each individual makes a conscious,
rational choice to commit a crime; rather, some
individuals are abnormal in intelligence, social
acceptance, or some other way and that causes
them to commit the crime.
Solitary confinement can also make it more difficult
for inmates to integrate themselves back into
society, as solitary confinement can cause inmates
to lose the ability to regulate their lives and have
normal interactions with people. Studies also show
that inmates who have undergone solitary
confinement are more prone to bouts of severe
anger and depression, both conditions that are
likely to cause recidivism.
In the short version, usually all the positive or
something positive comes out of a criminally
insane person and that makes them commit a
crime.
Solitary Confinement Chart
In the early years of solitary confinement,
researchers noted increased suicide and
mental illness among prisoners.
A big Con in today’s Society that is viewed as
least important is the type of cost each inmate
needs to live off of for Solitary Confinement. As
of 2013 the total cost of each inmate is 78,000
dollars. That is Tax paying money and grants
from the government that needs to be reached
per each inmate for Solitary Confinement
A lot of study’s suggest that safety is an
important key, but another study suggest that
being away from human society for so long,
mental people start becoming mentally insane
on their own.
Studies suggest that it is impotent whenever
dealing with recidivism rates along the general
prison population. 69% who dealt with solitary
confinement landed themselves back in prison
three years after being released. That is
opposed to the other 31%.
Source: Colorado Institution.
Conclusion
Some 80,000 people are held in solitary
confinement in U.S. prisons, according to the
latest available census. The practice has
grown with seemingly little thought to how
isolation affects a person's psyche. But new
research suggests that solitary confinement
creates more violence both inside and outside
prison walls. Do I personally think Solitary
Confinement is okay for anyone, insane or
sane, it should not be an option involved within
our prison system or criminal justice system.
Solitary Confinement is a money burner for out
tax payers, the statistics do not add up, and
there are more cons then there are pros. I do
not see the analytical research that makes any
thing relating to Solitary Confinement as a
positive. Prison is suppose to make people
change for the better, not make individuals
come out worse whenever they went in. I see
this as a huge issue and hopefully be
published some day talking about what is for
the greater good, especially mentally insane
that are put in a worse situation like Solitary
Confinement.
“The
use of segregation to confine the
mentally ill has grown as the number and
proportion of prisoners with mental illness
have grown. Although designed and
operated as places of punishment, prisons
have nonetheless become de facto
psychiatric facilities despite often lacking
the needed mental health services,”
(Berry).
The statistics do not lie, the use of
segregation among the mentally ill will
cause a disruption in their attitude and
ways of life it is just not normal or healthy.
Solitary Confinement 1981
References
Berry, T. (2012). Solitary confinement . Retrieved from
http://www.ehow.com/info_8661607_pros-vs-cons-solitary-confinement.html
Vasquez, E. (2007). Solitary confinement is cruel and ineffective. Retrieved from
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/solitary-confinement-cruel-ineffective-unusual/
Both Pictures Google.Images/SolitaryConfinement
Under standing criminal justice theories . (2013 ). Retrieved from
http://www.criminology.com/resources/understanding-criminology-theories/
The Aftermath of Deinstitutionalization
Jesslyn F. Clark
Mental Health Systems
Introduction
• Deinstitutionalization is the process of moving
persons with a mental illness out of the state
hospitals and back into the communities. This
occurred in three phases.
1. Establishing Community Treatment Services
2. Moving Patients into the Communities
3. Providing alternative community facilities and
treatment centers
• Ultimately this caused a great deal of controversy
and was generally unsuccessful due to a lack of
funding.
Moving Patients into the Communities
• Although proper funding was not in place persons
with mental illnesses continued to be released from
the mental hospitals into the communities.
• Many individuals were released from the state
hospitals with no entry programs or community
treatment centers to fall back on.
• . In 1955, 559,000 persons with mental illness were
being treated in the state hospitals, and by 2010, the
number was reduced to around 40,000. That means
that between those 55 years close to 520,000 persons
with a mental illness were now on their own.
Alternative Community Facilities and
Treatment Centers
• At this time there were very few options for persons
with mental illness within the communities.
• The major court case O'Connor v. Donaldson
mandated that in order for these persons to be
eligible to receive treatment they must be shown as a
danger to themselves or society.
• With the rules and regulations regarding persons with
a mental illness becoming tighter and tighter, the
option of placing these individuals into one of the
few community treatment centers available became
near impossible.
• The individuals with mental illnesses and no
resources to turn to such as family, treatment centers,
or money, resorted to the only option they had: the
streets.
Establishing Community Treatment Services
• Instead of funding being delivered for the states, it
was sent to the communities for the creation of their
very own treatment centers and hospitals.
• Crises throughout the nation at this time such as:
The Vietnam War interrupted the process of
deinstitutionalization tremendously by funneling
resources else where.
ChangeGraph
of PWMI in
State Hospitals Over
58 Years
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
PWMI in…
• The passage of the Community Mental Health Care
Centers Act on October 31, 1963 provide d
treatment for people with all mental health
conditions and worked to promote mental health
more broadly by establishing mental health
treatment centers in communities all over the
country.
Picture
Police Encounters
• Since the 1970s, our country has focused more on
the crime control model, which encompasses harsh
sentences due to truth in sentencing, mandatory
sentencing laws, and determinant sentencing.
• Each day Law Enforcement officials come into
contact with persons with a mental illness and are
faced with the tough decisions of arrest.
• Although the amount of training Law Enforcement
officials are receiving is getting better with the
implication of Crisis Intervention Teams there is still
room for improvement.
Trans-institutionalization
• This theory stemmed from deinstitutionalization as
the process of simply shifting individuals between
the criminal justice system and the mental health
system
• Federal and state prisons are quickly becoming one
of the most used resources for persons with a mental
illness to receive treatment.
• It was reported that one in ten men and almost one in
three women in federal prisons have some form of
mental health problem
References
Year
• Kreig, R.G. (2001). An interdisciplinary look at the
deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill. Social
Science Journal, 38, 367-380.
• Slate, R.N., Buffington-Vollum, J.K., & Johnson,
W.W. (2013).
The criminalization of mental
llness (2nd ed). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic
Press.
• Stall, N. (2013). Imprisoning the mentally ill.
Insanity Trial
Brandi Kelly
Abstract
What the trial must prove
Insanity cases are mostly uncommon because they are hard
to win. With a case such as
this one the person must first admit that they have committed
the crime then the lawyer has to convince that the defendant
should be held responsible for the crime.
They must prove that the person lacked the
responsibility related to mental illness as a
criminal defense. To prove that a person was not in their
right state of mind at that time there are
several test that can be given. In
American law, a criminal defendant must be competent
to understand the criminal process and
the nature of the charges that they are facing. They
must also be able to participate in their own
defense.
Insanity Trial Cases
Types of Insanity Test
Perceptions With Insanity Defense Cases.
M’Naughten Rule - Defendant either did not understand
what he or she did, or failed to distinguish right from
wrong, because of a "disease of mind.
Irresistible Impulse Test - As a result of a mental
disease, defendant was unable to control his impulses,
which led to a criminal act.
Durham Rule - Regardless of clinical diagnosis,
defendant's "mental defect" resulted in a criminal act.
Model Penal Code Test for Legal Insanity - Because
of a diagnosed mental defect, defendant either failed to
understand the criminality of his acts, or was unable to
act within the confines of the law
John Hinckley was successful in his insanity plea. He
had taken a liking to the movie Taxi and an
obsession to the actress Jodie Foster. He began to
stalk her in attempts to gain her attention as well as
attempting suicide. His ultimate plea of obsession
came when he attempted to take his own life in front
of them. That had not gotten him the attention he
seeked so he attention by attempted assassination
on president Ronald Reagan. Although
unsuccessful, he pleaded insanity to all charges
against him and was put in a mental asylum instead
of taken to jail.
Pictured to the left
References
What exactly does insane look like?
http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminalprocedure/insanity-defense.html
Buffington-Vollum, J.K., Johnson, W.W., Slate, R.S.
(2013). The Criminalization of Mental
Illness. Carolina: Academic Press
Use of Insanity as a Criminal Defense
Andrew Kenney
University of Central Missouri
ABSTRACT
Whenever many of these arrests go trial,
more than half of the defendants try to claim
“insanity” as a defense. They try to claim that
it happened in the heat of the moment, or that
they were under duress, or that it was out of
necessity. This sounds like a cop out. This
sounds like a cheap way to get away with
their crime with a lesser, or in some cases, no
sentence.
RESULTS
How are they considered “Criminally
Insane”
What is the process to determine them as
“Criminally Insane”
Are they actually “Criminally Insane”
What are the standards to be considered
“Criminally Insane”
CONCLUSIONS
 A criminal defendant who is found to have
been legally insane when he or she
committed a crime may be found not
guilty by reason of insanity.
 In states that allow the insanity defense,
defendants must prove to the court that
they did not understand that what they
were doing was wrong.
SUMMARY
Graphs and Charts
METHODS
Figure 1.
•Insanity Defense Court Cases
•Lawyers used
•Caselaws and Precedent
Figure 2.
The persons failed to know right from
wrong; acted on an uncontrollable
impulse or some variety of these factors
Figure 3.
Insanity Defense is not Always the Easy Way Out
Clayton T. Kertz
University of Central Missouri
Richard Lawrence- 1835
• First person to attempt to
assassinate an American
President
• Andrew Jackson- seventh
president
• Two pistols misfired
• Found not guilty by reasons of
insanity
• Spent the rest of his life in
mental hospital
Source:
Foulkes, Debbie . "RICHARD LAWRENCE (1800?-1861) First Person to
Attempt to assassinate an American President" Forgotten Newsmakers.
N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.
<http://forgottennewsmakers.com/2010/03/02/richard-lawrence-1800-1861first-person-to-attempt-to-assassinate-an-american-president/>.
Ed Gein- 1957
• Inspiration for The Silence of the
Lambs and The Texas Chainsaw
Massacre
• Grave robber
• Suspected of killing up to six people
• Convicted of killing one, Bernice
Worden
• Found guilty, but not responsible
• Spent rest of life in mental hospital
Source:
Bell, R., & Bardsley, M. (n.d.). Eddie Gein. The Beginning — — Crime
Library. Retrieved April 8, 2014, from
http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious
John Hinckley, Jr.- 1981
• Attempted to assassinate
Ronald Reagan
• To impress Jodie Foster after
her role in Taxi Driver
• Found not guilty by reasons of
insanity
• Remains in mental hospital
• Since 2006, allowed
unsupervised home visits; Ten
days per month, but recently
extended to seventeen days per
month
Source:
Reuters. (2014). John Hinckley to Spend More Time Outside Mental Hospital.
(2014, February 27). NBC
News. Retrieved April 9, 2014, from
http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/john-hinckleyspend-more-time-outside-mentalhospital-n40656
John W. Hinckley, Jr. Biography. (n.d.). John W. Hinckley, Jr. Biography.
Retrieved April 8,
2014, from
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials
Andrew Goldstein- 1999
David Trebilcock- 2011
• Killed girlfriend’s daughter
• Low prevalence
• Thought he was sent by god and
she was antichrist
• Low success rate
• Plead insanity
• Sent to mental hospital; bi-yearly
checkups to see if he is fit to
leave
• Judge suspects he will spend the
rest of his life there
Source:
News. (2012, February 14). Trebilcock found "not responsible" for murder of young Sherrill girl. NBC-WKTV
News
Channel 2. Retrieved April 9, 2014, from
http://www.wktv.com/news/local/Verdict-expected-in-Trebilcock
-case--139274383.html
Traynor, C. (2012, February 14). News. Trebilcock not guilty of murder (updated 4:22 pm with photo). Retrieved
April 9
, 2014, from http://www.oneidadispatch.com/generalnews/20120214/trebilcock-not-guilty-of-murderupdated-422-pm-with-photo
• 7 successful insanity defenses
out of 6000 murder trials in New
York
• Spend longer in mental hospital
than would in jail if found guilty
• Very hard to prove
James Holmes- 2012
• Shoved Kendra Webdale in
front of a train
• Aurora Colorado movie theatre
shooting
• Was self-committed 13 times in
two years prior to offense
• 12 killed, 60 injured
• Set free too early every time,
despite 12 assaults on staff
members
Overview
• Dressed up like The Joker from
Batman
• Attempted to plead guilty to
avoid the death sentence
• Insanity defense failed
• Sentenced to 23 years in prison
+ 5 years probation
• Brought about Kendra’s Law
Source:
Gregg, J. (2000, March 3). Will the Real Andrew Goldstein Take the Stand. Time. Retrieved April 9, 2014,
from http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0
Hartocollis, A. (2006, October 10). Nearly 8 Years Later, Guilty Plea in Subway Killing. The New York
Times. Retrieved April 9, 2014, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/11/nyregion/11kendra.html?ref=andrewgoldstein&_r=0
• Guilty plea rejected; Plead
insanity
• Trial scheduled for October
2014
Source:
Healy, J. (2013, May 13). Mental Evaluations Endorse Insanity Plea in Colorado Shootings, Defense Says.
The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/us/james-holmesaurora-shooting-suspect-enters-insanity-plea.html
Hickey, C. (2014, April 7). James Holmes’ attorneys file motion to move trial out of Arapahoe County.
KDVRcom. Retrieved April 10, 2014, from http://kdvr.com/2014/04/07/james-holmes-attorneys-file-motionto-move-trial-out-of-centennial/
http://german.fansshare.com/community/uploads24/8
210/insanity_defense_map_jpeg/
Substance Abuse & Mental Health
Brianne Kokotiuk
University Of Central Missouri
Introduction
• Characterized as the repeated use of a substance(s) in
situations where it can lead to negative outcomes.
• Abuse refers to the use of these substances when they are
not medically indicated and their use exceeds the social
norm.
• Continuum of substance-related disorders begins with
substance use, intoxication, then withdrawal. Followed by
abuse and finally dependence.
•This progression marks an escalation in the use of
substances that can lead to numerous social, medical, and
psychological problems.
Mental Health Issues
•There is an increasing number of people who have
a combination of mental health and substance abuse
issues.
•Experts estimate that at least 60% of people
battling one of these conditions are battling both.
•Mental health problems and substance abuse are
often seen together because one makes you more
vulnerable to the other.
•Mental health issues are very common in the U.S.
An estimated 1 in 5 adults suffers from a
diagnosable mental disorder. (National Institute of
Mental Health)
•There may be a biological/ genetic vulnerability to
a mental health problem- substance abuse can
trigger the onset of it.
•Substance abuse does not cause mental illness, but
causes the condition to manifest.
•Mental health issue may be present, but person
may not be aware of it. The problem is driving the
addiction. Their condition just hasn’t been
diagnosed yet.
Materials
Prevention
Conclusions
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Charts
Best Treatment Efforts
In Conclusion, helping to understand and
prevent substance abuse is not only that
individual’s job, it can also be everyone’s job.
Educating others on treatment and the
prevention of substance abuse can better and
enrich the lives of the community. Mental
health and substance abuse often go hand and
hand, but must be treated differently. By
enhancing and promoting acceptance of each,
people with mental illness can live full
productive lives in our communities.
• Suppression. Suppression efforts include raising
the minimum drinking age, outlawing the
production, distribution and sale of alcohol or other
drugs.
•Demand reduction.. Research has shown that if
there is no market for such products, then their use
will effectively be prevented. Demand reduction
can be classified into three categories: primary,
secondary, and tertiary.
•Primary: Primary prevention activities are intended
to reach a broad audience in an effort to avert the
onset of use. An example of a primary prevention
program is that of Drug Abuse Resistance
Education.
•Secondary : Secondary prevention includes efforts
to reduce the underlying causes of substance abuse
among populations that are at risk for use. Studies
have shown that substance abuse is predicted by
both individual and environmental factors. By
successfully targeting the appropriate risk or
protective factors with a prevention/intervention
program, a reduction in negative outcome behaviors
may occur.
•Tertiary: Tertiary prevention includes activities that
are designed to minimize the impact of substance
use. The harm reduction approach can be
considered a tertiary prevention strategy, in as much
as it attempts to minimize the harmful consequences
of drug use and the high-risk behaviors associated
with drug use.
References
•National Institute Of Mental Health
•Substance Abuse And Mental Health Services
Administration
•National Institute On Drug Abuse
•NAMI
•National Institute On Alcohol Abuse And
Alcoholism
•Mental Health America.net
•American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual on Mental Disorders, fourth
edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American
Psychiatric Press, 1994.
The Insanity Defense
Samantha Moeller
University of Central Missouri
HISTORY
•The origins of the insanity defense have
been cited as beginning as early as the 12th
century, however, modern use of the insanity
defense actually began much later in the
early 19th century. (Weiner, 1985)
• The M’Naghten Case in 1843 was the first
major court hearing involving the insanity
defense. It is important because its’ decision
represents the first standard for insanity in
the legal system. (Weiner, 1985)
EVALUATION & PROCEDURAL ASPECTS
• Mental State at the Time of the Offense
Evaluation (MSO)
•
Did defendant have mental illness at
time of offense?
•
Did casual relationship exist between
criminal behavior and mental illness?
•
Does casual relationship meet the
insanity standard criteria in that
jurisdiction? (Slate et al., 2013)
• Insanity defense is affirmative in nature
WHAT IS INSANITY?
• Those who are deemed legally insane are,
“unable to form intent due to mental disease
or defect” ( Slate, Buffington-Vollum, &
Johnson, 2013).
• Burden of proof in most states falls to the
defense (Weiner, 1985)
• Whether or not jury instructions about the
consequences of an acquittal in these cases
is heavily debated (Ellias, 1995).
• M’Naghten Rule – individual’s cognitive
state when crime occurred is the focus;
understanding good from bad and right from
wrong
• Product Test/ Durham Rule – not
responsible if criminal act found to be result
of mental defect or disease; too broad
• Irresistible Impulse Test – focus is on
individual’s volitional state; not criminally
responsible if they can not control their own
actions
• Model Penal Code Test – essentially a
combination of the M’Naghten rule and the
irresistible impulse test
AFTERMATH FOR ACQUITTEES
Many people are under the belief that
becoming acquitted under the insanity
defense is a cope out and that acquittees
are not getting the punishment they deserve
but the these beliefs are far from the truth.
(Steadman, 1985)
• Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)
acquittees have been shown to spend
longer stays in mental institutions than
others spend in prison
• NGRI acquittees carry harsh stigma
•Slight possibility of conditional release
/graduated release (Chappell, 2010)
PUBLIC OPINION
An overwhelming majority of the population
dislike the use of the insanity defense. Many
say it is an easy way out for defendants and
that their lack of punishment is not right. An
interesting thing to note is that jurors are
more harsh on defendants who use the
insanity defense. (Steadman, 1985)
REFERENCES
Chappell, D. (2010). Victimisation and the insanity
defence: Coping with confusion, conflict and
conciliation. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 17(1), 3951. doi: 10.1080/13218710903443070
Ellias, R. (1995). Should courts instruct juries as to the
consequences to a defendant of a “not guilty by reason
of insanity” verdict? The Journal of Criminal Law &
Criminology, 85(4), 1062-1083.
Slate, R. N., Buffington-Vollum, J. K., &Johnson, W. W.
(2013). Traditional court processing of defendants with
mental illness, part II: The insanity defense. In A. Editor,
B. Editor, &C. Editor (Eds.), The criminalization of
mental illness (pp. 339-369). Durham, North Carolina:
Carolina Academic Press.
Steadman, H. J. (1985). Insanity defense research and
treatment of insanity acquittees. Behavioral Sciences
and the Law, 3(1), 37-48.
Weiner, B. A. (1985). The insanity defense: Historical
development and present status. Behavioral Sciences
and the Law, 3(1), 3-35.
Mental Illness: an Evolution of Treatment
Taran Parker
Dr. Bonham
ORIGINS OF TREATMENT
Treatment for mental illness has been around
as early as the 1600’s, beginning with
Reverend Samuel Willard, who attempted to
treat the mentally ill by dunking them in
freezing water (obviously with limited
success). In the following century, Benjamin
Rush “Father of Psychiatry”, began intense
research into mental illness. Treatment
through psychotherapy actually began much
later with Sigmund Freud and his conception
of psychoanalysis, this too has evolved vastly
over the years.
MODERN TREATMENTS
 Psychiatric Drugs are utilized by
psychiatrists to balance the chemicals in
our brains and solve illnesses at a
biological level
 Psychotherapy is conducted by
psychologists and used to evaluate the
causes for your condition
 Psychosurgery: Deep brain stimulation,
process of sending shocks into deep
portions of the mind
SUMMARY
As previously stated, mental health
treatment went through many changes.
From humble beginnings we embarked into
uncharted territory and caused many more
problems than we solved. However from this
we learned and grew. Today we combine
several schools of treatment to create a
custom cure for each individual, and with
each new success our knowledge grows and
we become capable of helping more.
PAST MISTAKES
Any medical treatment goes through stages
of trial and error, mental health is no
exception. In 1927 patients with
Schizophrenia and Epilepsy were treated
with Insulin Shock Therapy (repeatedly
given insulin and then shocked during a
drug induced coma), it has since been
outlawed. Shortly after in 1935, the practice
of Lobotomy began. This procedure left the
patient with severely decreased mental
abilities and has likewise been ceased.
REFERENCES
Tartakovsky, M. (2011). The Surprising History of the Lobotomy. Psych Central. Retrieved on April 14, 2014, from http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/03/21/the-surprising-history-of-the-lobotomy/
NIH. (2013, September 17). Benjamin rush, m.d. (1749-1813): “the father of american psychiatry”. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/diseases/benjamin.html
Stone, A. (2008, June 08). Psychosurgery—old and new. Retrieved from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/psychosurgery—old-and-new
Grohol, J. (2014). Psychotherapy. Retrieved from http://psychcentral.com/psychotherapy/
Mental Ill in Prison
Cam Price
University of Central Missouri
ABSTRACT
This paper will look at the types of Mentally
Illnesses within the prisons and how the
prison system treat these people.
METHODS
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
My results showed that the prisons have all
types of mental illness within the prison
system. Not all prisons have the on hands
knowledge to deal with all the types of mental
illness, but they are doing there best.
 My conclusion is that the prison system is
not a fit place for over half the mentally ill
it holds within. The prison system should
team up with a mental hospital to better
help these inmates with the problems they
are having.
My research showed me that surveys were
giving to the prison staff and inmates asking
certain questions. They then took those
answers and compared it to other prisons.
REFERENCES
SUMMARY
In summary, I looked at what types of mental
illness was in the prison system and how the
prison system handled it. The prison does a
poor job of helping these people.
1. Aufderheide, D. H., & Brown, P. H. (2005).
Crisis in corrections: The mentally ill in
america's prisons. Corrections Today,67(1),
30-33. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/2156942
59?accountid=6143
2. Smart, C., & Tribune, S. W. (1991, Feb 01).
Corrections official says mentally ill inmates
go untreated. The Salt Lake Tribune.
Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/2884161
51?accountid=6143
3. Mentally ill in prison system. (1999, Sep
18). The Southland Times. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/3307211
17?accountid=6143
Reintegration for Mentally Ill Criminals
Taylor Rehmeier
ABSTRACT
Criminalized mentally Ill person’s find it
incredibly difficult reintegrating back into the
community after encountering the criminal
justice system. Since they have such a hard
time, they usually end up returning to the
system several times in their life. Since their
rate of recidivism is high, the chances of
them being successful in society is slim to
none.
METHODS
With the criminalization of mentally Ill being
so high there is a need to help those that
exit the system and don’t wish to reenter.
Programs have been put into effect that
attempt to assist these persons with their
reintegration back into the community.
Getting these individuals back into society
with the ability to live normal lives is a
difficult task but definitely not an impossible
one. Statistics show that offenders with
mental illnesses that are released from
prison are just as likely to reoffend as a
criminal without mental illness. These
individuals have a chance at a life free of
crime they just need the guidance on how to
accomplish that feat. Mentally Ill
rehabilitation and reintegration programs are
the best chance at giving mentally ill a better
chance of success
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
With the programs in place it is still very
difficult to reintegrate mentally ill criminals
back into the community after being in the
criminal justice system. With the rate of
recidivism being comparable to that of
criminals without mental illness, reintegration
programs are the only way to lessen the
amount of mentally ill that enter the criminal
justice system. A study done to show the rate
of recidivism reveals that in part, recidivism
of mentally ill persons can be forecasted in
some instances and in others can be done
decently accurate.
 New programs need to be made and put
into effect that are able to rapidly adapt
the mentally ill. These programs have to
be ever- changing when needed so they
can effectively reintegrate mentally ill
criminals. Since there are ways to foresee
several signs of recidivism there are ways
to assist with those criminals whom are
the most likely candidates to reoffend.
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Sigurdson, C. (2000). The mad the bad and the abandoned: The
mentally ill in prisons and Corrections Today, 62(7), 70-78.
Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/215707094?acco
untid=6143
Annual Report to the Legislature. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.dshs.wa.gov/pdf/main/legrep/Leg1202/MIO
CTP.pdf
Gagliardi, G. J., Lovell, D., Peterson, P. D., & Jemelka, R. (2004).
Forecasting Recidivism in Mentally Ill Offenders Released from
Prison. Law and Human Behavior , 133-155.
There are currently programs in place that
attempt to reintegrate the mentally ill
criminals coming out of the criminal justice
system but they alone are not effective
enough. New programs are needed to better
help reintegration become more simplistic.
New programs combined with new
medications and different availability of
therapies. More mentally ill enter the criminal
justice system every day; the best hope for
the future is to help rehabilitate these
individuals and make their criminal justice
experience a one time occurrance.
Substance Abuse and Corrections
Rebecca E. Ruggles
University of Central Missouri
Substance Abuse
Treatments
Nearly 24 million Americans admitted to
drug usage in 2012 in the month before the
survey. Marijuana was the most common
drug used with over 18 million people using
it. Most of those who use drugs began doing
so in their youth.1 The prevalence of
substance abuse disorders was 14.6
percent in 2005.2
There are three empirical treatments that
should be discussed for substance abuse
treatment:

Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy

The goal of this evidence
based treatment is to help
the client not just feel good
but to have a good life 5

43.8 percent abstinent after
six months of treatment 6

Project BRITE 7

Uses positive reinforcement

Had support from staff and
participants

CT System 8

4 tier program (1st is class to
4th is residential treatment).
Corrections
 Community
Very cost
effective
One meta-analysis of 13 studies about the
overall prevalence of alcohol abuse in
prisons reveals that between 18 and 30
percent of male prisoners have substance
abuse issues .3 Another study was
conducted to evaluate the prevalence of
substance abuse issues with female
inmates. This study found that 70 percent of
females that were surveyed in the
Minnesota Department of Corrections were
dependent on at least one substance when
entering the system.4
Community corrections is becoming a
favorable alternative to incarceration,
probably due to overcrowding concerns and
cost. Overall, community corrections
programs tend to reduce recidivism. This
includes decreases in violations of probation
or parole (Though this was the most
common recidivism type), and new
violations .9 Community corrections offers a
unique benefit in that offenders can stay
with their support systems and keep their
jobs.10
References
1. National Institute on Drug Abuse (2014). Drugfacts: Nationwide trends. Retrived from
http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/nation
wide-trends
2. Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R., & Walters, E.E.
(2005).Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset
distributions of DSM-IV
disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey
replication. Archives of
General Psychology, 64, 593-602.
3. Fazel, S., Bains, P., & Doll, H. (2006). Substance abuse and dependence in
prisoners: A systematic review. Addiction, 101, 181191. doi:
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01316.x
4. Proctor, S.L. (2012). Substance use disorder prevalence among female state prison
inmates. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse,
38(4), 278-285. doi:
10.3109/00952990.2012.668596
5. Blackledge, J.T., & Hayes, S.C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and
commitment therapy. Psychotherapy in Practice, 57,
243-255.
6. Villagra-Lanza, P., & Gonzalez-Menendez, A. (2013). Acceptance and commitment
therapy for drug abuse in incarcerated women.
Psicothema, 25(3), 307312. doi:10.7334/psicothema2012.292
7. Burdon, W.M., St. De Lore, J., & Prendergast, M.L. (2011). Developing and
implementing a positive behavioral reinforcement
intervention in prisonbased drug treatment: Project BRITE. Jouranl of
Psychoactive Drugs
43(1), 40-50. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2011.60.1990
8. Daley, M., Love, C.T., Shepard, D.S., Peterson, C.B., White, C.L., & Hall, F.B. (2004).
Cost-effectiveness of Connecticut’s in-prison substance
abuse treatment.
Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 39 (3), 69-92.doi:
10.1300/J076v39n03_04
9. Pérez, D.M. (2009). Applying evidence-based practices to community corrections
supervision: An evaluation of residential substance
abuse treatment for
high risk-probationers. Journal of Contemporary
Criminal Justice, 25, 442458. doi: 10.1177/1043986209344557
10. Mckiernan, P., Shamblen, S.R., Collins, D.A., Strader, T.N., & Kokoski, C. (2013).
Creating lasting family connections: Reducing
recidivism with communitybased family strengthening model. Criminal Justice
Policy Review, 24, 94
122. doi:10.1177/0887403412447505
Mental Illness in Corrections
Ali Swaggart
University of Central Missouri
Prisoners With Serious Mental Illness
• 3 Major Serious Mental Illnesses:
Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Major
Depressive Disorder
• The number of inmates with serious mental
illnesses has consistently been found to be at a
higher level than that of the civilian population
 Up to 45% of federal inmates and as many
as 56% of state inmates (Slate et al., 2013).
Challenges in Correctional Facilities
Disciplinary Infractions
• Associated with a violation of institutional
policy. Disciplinary infractions negatively
affect inmates’ eligibility for privileges and
early release
Victimization
• Inmates with serious mental illness experience
rates of physical victimization twice as high
and sexual victimization three times as high as
compared to inmates without serious mental
illness (Slate et al., 2013)
Housing Offenders with Serious Mental Illness
• Solitary Confinement
• Can intensify pre-existing or initiate
anxiety, depression, anger, cognitive
disturbances, perceptual distortions,
obsessive thoughts, paranoia, and psychosis
(Metzner & Fellner, 2010)
More suitable housing assignments are those that
don’t limit human interaction and provide
programming and recreation opportunities
Figure 1. Percent of Inmates that Receive
Disciplinary Infractions
Treatment and Release
• Minimal programming opportunities available
in correctional facilities (Ashford et al., 2008)
• Needs Upon Release:
• Transportation, housing, employment,
access to community resources
• Access to Medical Care
• Many persons don’t have medical
insurance; the rates are disproportionately
high among those with serious mental
illness (Wenzlow et al., 2011)
Policy Suggestions
• Increase specified training for correctional
staff
• Limit use of administrative segregation or
isolation
• Increase programming opportunities
• Mandate individualized programming release
plans
References
Self-Injury
• Includes cutting, burning, and head banging
Suicide
• Inmates with serious mental illness are the
most likely to successfully commit suicide
(Slate et al., 2013)
Ashford, J. B., Wong, K. W., & Sternbach, K. O. (2008). Generic correctional
programming for mentally ill offenders: pilot study. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 457-73.
Slate, R. N., Buffington-Vollom, J. K., & Johnson, W. W. (2013). The criminalization of
mental illness. North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
Metzner, J. L., & Fellner, J. (2010). Solitary confinement and mental illness: A challenge
for medical ethics. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 38, 10408.
Wenzlow, A. T., Ireys, H. T., Mann, B., Irvin, C., & Teich, J. L. (2011). Effects of a
discharge planning program on medicaid coverage of state prisoners with serious mental
illness. Psychiatric Services, 62(1), 73-8.
Mental Health Issues Directly Contribute to Increasing
Prison Recidivism Rates
Tara R. Jones
University of Central Missouri
RECYCLING
PRISON LIFE V. FREE SOCIETY
The majority of incarcerated individuals with
mental illness find themselves returning to an
incarceration facility at an alarming rate. This
is due to the ineffectiveness of the criminal
justice system to implement appropriate
mental health care options prior to an
inmate’s release. Due to the fact that there
are limited mental health programs on the
outside, individuals released become more
unstable and irrational. Thus, allowing the
individual to unfortunately relapse into
familiar criminal behavioral patterns.
Consequentially, the same behaviors that
directly contributed to their initial introduction
into the criminal justice system.
The prison environment, because of its
structure, tends to be more disciplined and
regimented as opposed to the unstructured
and carefree environment on the outside.
While incarcerated, individuals suffering from
mental illness will find that their daily
activities are controlled by prison officials,
and can find themselves in confinement if
their behavior becomes unmanageable. In
sharp contrast, there is no direct supervision
over an individual’s daily activities upon
release, and their dysfunctional behavior may
go unnoticed by outside authorities. These
individuals are now solely responsible for
managing their own conditions, and all too
often become frustrated and overwhelmed
when dealing with everyday life.
Figure 1.
CONCLUSIONS
The current public mental health system is
in desperate need of restructuring.
Establishing a mental health care program
that would adequately provide extended
mental health services upon an inmate’s
release may dramatically reduce
recidivism rates. This could be
established between prison health officials
working in conjunction with community
outreach programs that specifically
specialize in a variety of mental health
services.
SUMMARY
If there is to be any positive reform in the
mental health service industry, it is vital
that mental health programs be readily
available to individuals after the
incarceration phase has ended.
REFERENCES
Mencimer, S. (2014, April 8). There are 10
times more mentally ill people behind bars
than in state hospitals. Mother Jones.
Retrieved from
http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2014/04/r
ecord-numbers-mentally-ill-prisons-and-jails
Law Enforcement Response and Interaction with the Mentally Ill
Liz Weiss
University of Central Missouri
Introduction
Law enforcement officers are the first responders to any
call. A great amount of those calls deal with people who
have mental illness. The public looks to law enforcement
to do something, and to have a solution, but usually
nothing can be done and the situation cycles. Many of
those calls have ended with a death because officers
were not educated or certified to handle situations
involving persons with mental illness. Much of the time,
law enforcement is not equipped with the correct training
to help those with mental illness. Response teams in law
enforcement, like CIT or other wise known as Crisis
Intervention Team, are trained and educated to work with
those who are ill. CIT's are being implemented in more
department throughout the U.S. Those certified, trained,
and educated individuals could be the major difference
between a suicide, homicide, and a ride to receive help.
Interaction with the Mentally Ill

- Law enforcement is limited to what they can do in a situation involving PWMI.

- LE options for situations involving PWMI include:(NAMI, 2008, p. 8-9).
Solutions



Give Warning
Take person into custody and take for examination with mental health authorities,
possibly be civilly committed, if so help at hospital 24-72 hours, then released back
into the community with no further action.

Citations

Make an arrest, this is the last option
- CIT officers are trained in handling situation involving PWMI. CIT procedures include:
(Slate, Buffington-Vollum, and Johnson, 2013, p. 186)

Interact with persons who are mentally ill.

De-escalate crisis and move person away from violent opportunities

Use resources and services available (mental health facilities, psych examination,
etc.)
When fatal shootings involving PWMI occur, it is much easier
for the public to scrutinize. PWMI are more likely to be injured
by police than for police to be injured by PWMI (Slate,
Buffington-Vollum, and Johnson, 2013, p. 184).


More understanding communities, less scrutiny

Detach stigma from mental illness

More health care options for PWMI
Insurance or no insurance
PWMI should not have a stigma attached to them.
Fatal incidents involving PWMI can be avoided more with
CIT, training, and education for officers and the community.

Officers are accustomed to giving orders and expecting
compliance with their commands (Slate, Buffington-Vollum,
and Johnson, 2013, p. 181). PWMI may not respond with the
same amount of reasonableness.
Mental Illness carries a stigma that is shown by the lack of
mental heath treatment, care, and responses from
communities.
Mobile Crisis Team (MCT) or specialized response
team
LE need to be trained and educated to work and handle
PWMI in crisis situations.
Crisis Intervention Teams are becoming more common in
departments.


Improve understanding of signs/symptoms of
mental illness

Law Enforcement handles situations involving persons with
mental illness more than hospitals (Waldman, 2004, p. 83).
Most response calls that end violently begin to go wrong
within the first 30 to 40 seconds after police arrive (Waldman,
2004, p. 85).
Reduce unnecessary arrests of PWMI
Key Points




the United States in 2012 (National Institute of Mental Health, 2012).
Response to Calls of the Mentally Ill
Many PWMI who are killed is because officers respond out of
fear and lack of training.
Ensure officer safety
Figure 1. Persons with any Mental Illness v. Persons w/out Mental Illness in






CIT Training/Training for all LE (Slate, BuffingtonVollum, and Johnson, 2013, p. 197)

LE are the first responders, but there are now more
resources available to help with PWMI.

Figure 2. Arrests made of PWMI involving CIT v. PWMI arrested without CIT. (Slate,
Buffington-Vollum, and Johnson, 2013, p. 215).
More options of treatment and mental health care are
needed.

REFERENCES
NAMI. (2008, April 17). A guide to mental illness and the criminal justice system.
Retrieved from http://www.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/NAMILand/
CJguidetomentalillnessandcjsystem.pdf
National Institute of Mental Health. (2014). Any mental illness (AMI) among adults.
Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1ANYDIS_ADULT.shtml
Slate, R.N., Buffington-Vollum, J.K., & Johnson, W.W. (2013). The criminilization of
mental illness (2nd ed.). Burhan, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
Waldman, A. (2004). Police brutality. S. Fitzgerald (ed.). Farmington Hills, MI:
Greenhaven Press.