Transcript PEACEFUL END OF LIFE

PEACEFUL END OF LIFE
by Cornelia M. Ruland and Shirley
M. Moore
Presented by Jennifer Totten, Angela
Baird, and Amy Howard
Group 3
Nursing 324
Letter to organization:
Dear Hospice organization,
We would like to introduce ourselves today as advocators for the Peaceful End of Life Theory.
Through our practice and research of theory we hope that your nursing organization will
adopt this theory to your everyday nursing practice of terminally ill patients as we have. This
theory can be used in all settings of Hospice care, where ever the patient or family chooses.
This includes their home, nursing home , hospital, and inpatient hospice care facility. We will
introduce you to the founders of the theory and give just a little background of their nursing
career. So get comfortable and let us show you what we feel is the up and coming theory for
your practice. This theory that will make you more knowledgeable about the complex care for
the dying patient and how you can make it the best experience for the patient, significant
other, and family during their peaceful end of life.
Angela, Amy and Jennifer.
The terminally ill patient has a illness that within
6 months or less are expected to die. The
terminally ill patient no longer wishes to have
procedures done on them in the hope of a
cure. He/she has accepted the fact of their
death and is preparing to die with the best
experience for them, their significant other
and family.
With terminal patients the doctor does not
focus on them, so it is up to the nurses to
show knowledge about the dying process and
symptom management. The nurse needs to
know the complexity of taking care of a
terminally ill patient and how they can
contribute to a peaceful end of life.
Theorists
• Cornelia M. Ruland
Received her PhD in nursing from Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Ohio in 1998. Currently she is the Director
of the Center for shared Decision Making
and Nursing Research at Rikshospitalet
University hospital in Oslo, Norway and
holds an appointment as adjunct faculty at
the Department of Biomedical Informatics
at Columbia University in New York.
Ruland has been the major investigator in
many research projects and had won
awards for her work (Tomey & Alligood
p.775).
• Shirley M Moore
Received her master’s degree in Psychiatric
and Mental Health nursing (1990) and her
PhD in Nursing Science (1993) at Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Ohio. She has taught nursing theory and
science to all levels of nursing students.
Moore also conducts research and theory
development in the recovery of cardiac
events and has assisted in development
and publication in several theories
(Tomey & Alligood p.775).
The Peaceful End of Life theory was developed
from the standard of care of peaceful end of
life. The standard of care was developed by a
experienced group of nurses in Norway. This
was on a gastroenterological unit where half
of the patients were diagnosed with cancer
and dealing with terminal illness was on a
daily basis (Ruland and Moore 1998).
These nurses all had 5 or more years experience
with terminally ill patients and had attended
seminars and other post graduate education
on this group of patients (Ruland and Moore
1998).
They identified a need for clinical guidance in
taking care of these patients and giving them
quality care. This resulted in the development
of the theory for the Peaceful End of Life by
Ruland and Moore (Ruland and Moore 1998).
The focus was not on dying in itself but on
peaceful and meaningful living during the final
days that remained for the patients,
significant others, and family members. It also
reflected the complexity that is involved with
taking care of the terminally ill patient and the
need to have knowledge on pain relief and
symptom
management (Ruland and Moore 1998).
He/she needs to have a caring attitude,
awareness, sensitivity and compassion for the
terminally ill patient (Ruland and Moore
1998).
This model started while Ruland was a
student in one of Moore’s classes. Ruland
helped develop a standard of practice for end
of life to provide a structured framework
where there had previously been none.
Ruland with the help of Moore then
developed the Peaceful End of Life Theory
from this standard of practice (Tomey &
Alligood 2006, pp. 775-8).
The major concepts that this theory
is based on are:
1) Being free of pain
2) Experiencing comfort
3) Experiencing dignity and respect
4) Being at peace
5) Being close to your significant
others
Free of pain
Not being in pain is defined within this theory as
not having the experience of pain(Ruland &
Moore 1998).
Pain further is described as an unpleasant,
sensory, and emotional experience associated
with actual and potential tissue damage or
described in terms of such damage (Ruland &
Moore 1998).
Comfort
The experience of comfort for this theory
was defined as the relief from
discomfort, the state of ease and
peaceful contentment, and whatever
makes life easy or pleasurable (Ruland
and Moore 1998).
Experiencing dignity and respect
The experience of dignity was defined as being
respected and valued as a human being, having the
value of worth (Ruland and Moore 1998).
This includes, being acknowledged and respected as an
equal and not being exposed to anything that
violates the patient’s integrity and values (Ruland
and Moore 1998).
Being at peace
The definition for being at peace for this theory
involves the feeling of calmness, harmony, and
contentment (Ruland and Moore 1998).
To be free of anxiety, fear, and worry.
Closeness to significant others
Closeness of significant others for this theory is
the feeling of connectedness to other human
beings who care (Ruland and Moore 1998).
Peaceful End of Life
Not being in pain
Monitoring and
Administering pain
relief
Applying
Pharmacological and
Non-pharmacological
Interventions
Experience of
Comfort
Experience of
Dignity/Respect
Being at Peace
Preventing,
Monitoring and
Relieving Physical
Discomfort
Including patient
and Significant
Others in Decision
Making
Providing
Emotional
Support
Facilitating
Participation of
Significant Others in
Patient Care
Facilitating Rest,
Relaxation and
Contentment
Treating Patient
with Dignity,
Empathy and
Respect
Monitoring and
Meeting
Patient’s Needs
for Anti-anxiety
Medications
Attending to
Significant Others
Grief, Worries and
Questions
Being Attentive to
Patient’s
Expressed Needs,
Wishes and
Preferences
(Ruland and Moore 1998 p.174)
Inspiring Trust
Providing
Patient/Significa
nt Others With
Guidance in
Practical Issues
Providing
Physical
Assistance of
Another Caring
Person, if
Desired
Closeness to Significant
Others/Persons Who Care
Attending to
Significant Others
Grief, Worries and
Questions
Facilitating
Opportunities for
Family Closeness
Reduction of outcome criteria from the standard to
outcome indicators of the proposed theory
Standard
Theory
The patient is not having pain
Not being in pain
The patient does not experience nausea
The patient does not experience thirst
The patient does experience optimal comfort
The patient and significant others experience a pleasant
environment
Experience of comfort
The patient and significant others participate in decision making
regarding the patient’s care
The patient and significant others experience being treated with
dignity and respect as human beings
Experience of dignity/respect
The patient and significant others maintain hope and
meaningfulness
The patient and significant others get assistance in clarifying
practical and economical issues related to the patient’s
coming to an end of life
The patient does not die alone
The patient is at peace
Significant others:
Are taking part in caring for the patient as they wish
Can say farewell wit the patient in compliance with their beliefs,
cultural rites, and wishes
Are informed about different funeral procedures and possibilities
Being at peace
Closeness to significant others/persons who care
Outcome Criteria of the Standard of Peaceful
End of Life
The patient:
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Is not having pain
Does not experience nausea
Does not experience thirst
Experience optimal comfort
Is at peace
Does not die alone
The patient and significant other(s):
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Have confidence that they are receiving the best possible care
Maintain hope and meaningfulness
Participation in decision making regarding the patient’s care
Experience being treated with dignity and respect as a human being
Get assistance in clarifying practical and economical issues related to the
Patient’s coming to an end of life
Experience a pleasant environment
Significant others:
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Are taking part in caring for the patient as hey wish
Can say farewell with the patient in compliance with their beliefs, cultural rites, and wishes
Are informed about different funeral procedures and possibilities
Are offered a follow-up visit after patient’s death
Ruland, Cornelia M., RN, PhD and Shirley M. More, RN,PhD, (1998) Theory Construction Based on Standards of Care: A Proposed Theory of
the Peaceful End of Life . Nursing outlook, 46, 169-75.
In this theory the focus is not only on
the patient but on the significant others.
You are monitoring and caring for the
needs of the patient: pain, comfort,
dignity/respect, peace, and their
closeness to significant others.
You are providing guidance for the
significant other, answering questions
and offering support.
This theory could be accommodating to
any care setting or with in a patients
home. No matter where the patient
resides at, the focus on care is not to be
on cure, but instead on treating the
patient toward the goals of the five
concepts: no pain, comfort, dignity and
respect, peace, and closeness with
significant others
As the nurse, your goal will be to listen
to the patient and significant others or
to look for signs of complications with
pain, comfort, dignity and respect,
peace, and closeness with significant
others.
As the nurse, you will need to be
prepared to provide
pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. You
will need to be comfortable in
helping with the significant others,
as well as the patient, cope with the
disease and the disease process.
As nurses you will be educating the
patient and significant others on the
disease and disease process, on
what to expect as time goes on.
Remember, as you do this, keep in
mind to provide the patient and
significant others with dignity and
respect.
As the patient declines the patient may
not be able to verbalize pain, discomfort,
anxiety, restlessness, or other
complications that need addressing.
You, the nurse, will need to be familiar
with these signs and symptoms, and
what interventions
to complete. At this point, it will be your
job to assess for problems and become
the patients advocate toward treating
these problems.
Education will be prepared for you
and shared with you to assist you in
your comfort and confidence level
with this Peaceful end of life theory,
included, but not limited to:
Signs and symptoms
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Pain
Discomfort
Nausea
Incontinence
Fear
Confusion
Embarrassment
Humiliation
Anxiety
Restlessness
Withdrawn
Depression
Loneliness
Treatments
• Pharmacological
• Non-pharmacological
This model provides a framework that
reminds nurses of the important aspects
of care during the end of life. It reminds
nurses to not only treat the patient but
also the significant others. It calls for
thorough assessments of the alert
patient as well as the patient that no
longer is alert, and to assess the need
for medication or non-medication
interventions.
A limitation that this model has is the
fact that it does not address cultural
differences toward end of life care. For
example, some cultures may feel that
the end of life is a very private time only
allowing specific people to share time
with their loved one, others have the
whole family (all adults or all ages) in the
room. Certain cultures may also rely on
home remedies or have rituals they may
wish to perform.
“Weakness of the theory include needing
more research to back up the theory, as
well as the usefulness of the theory in
influencing nursing research, education,
and practice. Empirical support for all the
relationships needs to be validated”
(Nursing theory 2007, p. 11).
Nursing Education:
Currently there are no publications that report the
use of this theory for education.
This theory can be applied to a master’s prepared
nurse because it is important that the master’s
prepared nurse educate he/she on this theory
and end of life issues. This will help to educate
his/her students to understand end of life issues.
Also when ever the opportunity allows, give the
patient, significant other, and family the best
experience possible and a peaceful end of life
(Tomey & Alligood 2006).
Strengths of Theory:
Can be used in everyday patient
care.
New and original, based on
standards of care and can be
directed towards patient clinical
practice.
Developed for the terminally ill who expect
death and can prepare for it.
With the development of the theory nurses are
able to treat patients, significant others, and
family with dignity, respect, and empathy.
Guides nurses in choosing interventions to
decrease suffering and make the last stages of
life a meaningful experience for the patients,
significant other and family.
All nursing interventions and outcomes can be
measured (Ruland and Moore 1998).
Your mouth and eyes are dry, breathing is difficult and it is
making you nervous, and pain is present throughout your
body. Even though you can hear your family members in
the room you feel very alone. Unable to move or speak it
is impossible to make your needs known or to ask for help
and comfort. Then you hear a knock and a familiar voice,
the voice of your nurse. She swabs your mouth, puts eye
drops in your eyes, and a pill and some drops under your
tongue which instantly start to dissolve. Even though you
cannot answer she talks to you and comforts you, then
you hear her tell your family to do the same. Soon
someone is holding your hand, the anxiety and pain are
melting away, and you are able to rest comfortably.
References:
Case Western Reserve University. Frances Payne Bolten School of Nursing, picture of Shirley M. Moore
taken from http://www.fpb.case.edu, slide 5.
Columbia University. Picture of Cornelia Ruland taken from http://www.dbmi.columbia.edu, slide 5.
http://office.microsoft.com, picture slide 10.
http://www.naturespassage.com, picture slide 7
.
http://www.evergreenhospicecare.com, picture slide 18.
Nursing Theory Peaceful End of Life-Cornelia Ruland and Shirley Moore. Nursing 5330 Theories and
Therapies Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing, Submitted to: Yondell
Masten, October 17, 2007.
Ruland, Cornelia M. RN, PhD & Moore, Shirley, M. RN, PhD. Theory Construction Based on Standards of
Care: A Proposed Theory of the Peaceful End of Life. Nursing Outlook, 1998, 46 (4), p.169-75.
Tomey, Ann Mariner & Alligood, Martha Raile (2006). Middle range theories: Peaceful end of life theory.
Nursing Theorists and Their Work, (pp.775-781). Missouri: Mosby.