Transcript 0401_Bibby_R_ApprenticePresentation

Data & Information
Apprentice Presentation
Ryan Bibby
Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6
Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6
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How Organisations Use Business
Information
Task 1 Unit 3, P1: explain how organisations use information
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Types of Information

Qualitative
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Quantitative
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Written in actual figures
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More useful than qualitative
Primary
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Descriptive information in plain English
Information you collect yourself
Secondary
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Information produced by somebody else
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Purposes of Information

Businesses need information on order to make them work more effectively.
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There are 4 main area that information helps businesses in:
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Operational Support
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Analysis

Decision Making

Gaining Commercial Advantage
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Operational Support
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Data used to monitor business activities
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Allows immediate use of information
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For example in a supermarket with an EPOS system:
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When an item is bought, the stock number is reduced for that item
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Once the stock level has decreased below a set limit, an alert is sent for the shelf
to be restocked
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An order will be placed to order more of that product in
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This ensures that shelves are kept continually stocked so that the product can be
sold
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Analysis
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The data is processed in a similar way regularly
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For example producing a weekly sales report in a retail store
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Analysing data helps businesses spot trends:
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For example is the Manchester store performing better than the Bolton store?
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Christmas Rush
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Seasonal Products
Information used to predict staffing and stock levels required
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Decision Making
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Where data is used to make a decision
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For example setting a new closing time for a shop
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3 levels of decision making:
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Operational
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Tactical
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Strategic
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Gaining Commercial Advantage
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Taking advantage of a situation based on other events
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Internal/External Events
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Decisions are made based on the information available for the benefit of the
business
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For example on match day, a pub may decide to stay open longer based on
the sales of past match days
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This gives the pub a commercial advantage over pubs which may not have this
information
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End of Task
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Project 4
Assignment 1
Moodle
Characteristics of Good Data
Task 2 –
Unit 3, P2: Discuss the characteristics of good data.
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Useful Information
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For information to be useful it needs to be correct
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Correct data is:
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Accurate
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Up to Date
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Correct
Good information is needed to help make decisions, therefore good data
needs to be collected
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Validation & Verification
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Validation + verification helps ensure data being collected is correct
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Validation: Ensure data is in the correct format and is reasonable
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Checks that the data entered conforms to set rules:
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Range Check, Length Check, Type Check, Look Up Check, Presence Check
Verification: Ensures the data is correct and accurate
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Double Entry Verification, Visual Verification
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Characteristics of Good Information 1
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Reliability
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Objective
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Reducing personal opinion and bias
Generalizability
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Collected from a reliable source
Representative of the population
Utility
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Data that is in a useful format to analyse
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Characteristics of Good Information 2
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Completeness
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Relevance
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Relevant to the task it will be used for
Integrity
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No missing/purposely omitting data
In a useable state with correctly linked data
Validity
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Data is in the correct format for use
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End of Task
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Data Laws & Ethics
Task 3 –
Unit 3 P3: explain the issues related to the use of information
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Legal Issues
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Computer Misuse Act
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Data Protection Act
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Freedom of Information Act
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Copyright Design and Patents Act
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Ethical Issues
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Codes of Practice
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Whistleblowing
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Information Ownership
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Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act
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Operational Issues
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Organisational Policy
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Security of Information
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End of Task
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Systems Analysis & Design
Task 4 –
Unit 11 P1: outline the principles of systems analysis
Unit 21 P2: illustrate the stages of a development lifecycle
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Principles of Development Lifecycle
Models
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There are 3 main principles of all system development lifecycles:
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Partitioning - Splitting the program down into sections
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Iteration – Repeating stages within the process
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Modelling – A graphical representation of the system
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dpcsish.wikispaces.com
Iterative Development Model
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Development Lifecycle
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We will be covering 3 system development lifecycles:
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Waterfall Model
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Agile
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Spiral
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Waterfall Model
A visual representation
of the waterfall model
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Tasks follow on from each other in a downwards cycle
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Offers a set process for developing a project
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Phases are done one at a time, easier to organise
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A phase should be complete before moving onto the next
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Many disadvantages:
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Testing isn’t done until the end
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Limited client involvement
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Changes mean starting from the top again
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Agile
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An alternative to the Waterfall Model
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Based on a iterative approach
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Requirements, Design, Implementation, Testing & Evaluation repeated for
each iteration
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After Evaluation:
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Requirements Met: Project ended
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Requirements Not Met: Next iteration
A visual representation
of the agile model
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Spiral
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Similar to Agile but with less client involvement
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Allows changes to the project during the project
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Typically 6 months – 2 years between increments
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Operational prototype saved until the end
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Used in very large projects such as banking system
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A visual representation
of the spiral model
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Waterfall vs. Agile Comparison
Waterfall
Agile
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Large degree of risk
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Low risk
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Long term planning
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Short term planning
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Limited adaptability to change
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Quick response to change
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Problems go undiscovered for too
long
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Problems discovered quickly
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High customer involvement
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Better for customers, more
difficult for programmers
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Limited customer involvement
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Easier for developers to manage
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Development Tools & Techniques
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Structured System Analysis & Design Model(SSADM)
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
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Diagramming Techniques
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Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools
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Methodologies for System Analysis
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Structured System Analysis & Design Model
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Linked to waterfall life cycle
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Improves project management & helps develop better quality systems
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UML Diagrams: ERD, DFD, JSD
Object Oriented Analysis & Design
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Used to design and analyse object oriented programs
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UML Diagrams: Use Case, Activity, Class
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Class Diagram
Diagramming Tools
ERD, Class Diagram, Use Case Diagram
Entity Relationship
Diagram
Use Case Diagram
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Computer Aided Software Engineering
(CASE)
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Software used to design and implement software
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Programmer can draw out UML diagrams
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Software turns UML diagrams into the software
framework
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Examples:
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ARGO – UML to software framework
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Visual Studio – GUI builder with action listeners
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Key Drivers for Change
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To increase profit
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Reduce labour costs
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Legislation
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Increases speed
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Increased quality
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Meeting clients requirements
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Changing Technology
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End of Task
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Databases
Task 5 –
Unit 18 P1: explain the features of a relational database
Unit 21 P1: describe the advantages and disadvantages of different database types
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Database Key Terms
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Database – A collection of information
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Table – Stores a set of related data, a database can have many tables
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Field – An attribute of a record (eg. CustomerName)
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Record (Row) – A set of data relating to an entity
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Data Type – The type of data stored in the field (String, Integer, Date etc.)
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DBMS – A piece of software use to
manage a database. Eg. Access
Field
Record
(Row)
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Flat File Database
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Database contains a single table
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Structure:
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Advantages:
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Easier to set up and understand, all data in once place, spreadsheet tools
Disadvantages:
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DBMS, Delimiter Character, Data Type
Data duplication, harder to update information, easier to make mistakes,
non unique records, inefficiency, limited data security
Typical Uses:
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Only suitable for simple databases. eg. A simple phone book
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Relational Databases
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Database with multiple tables, tables relate to each other with a common field
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Entities:
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Relationships:
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Limited data duplication, increased data security, unique
identifiers, more powerful queries and reports
Disadvantages:
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One to one, one to many, many to many, normalisation
Advantages:
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Key fields, referential integrity, auto increment, field attributes, data redundancy, field properties
More complex set up, dedicated DBMS software required
Typical Uses
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Hierarchical Databases
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Database tables arranged in a hierarchy
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Parent & Child Tables
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1 Parent – Many Children
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Must start at the root and work downwards
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Reduces duplication within that branch
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Disadvantages:
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Records need to be incorporated into the parent table
before the child table
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Data duplicated across branches
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Poorly handles many to many relationships
Example: Company Hierarchy
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End of Task
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Data Modelling & Database Relations
Task 6 –
Unit 018: P1, M1
Unit 021: P2, P3, M1, M2
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Data Modelling
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Used to analyse and define the data requirements needed within the
businesses information systems
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Commonly used in database design
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Split into 3 ‘schemas’:
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Conceptual
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Logical
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Physical
The detail provided in the model increases through each stage
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Image used from
http://www.1keydata.com/dataware
housing/data-modeling-levels.html
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Data Modelling Example
Logical
Physical
Conceptual
Images used from http://www.1keydata.com/datawarehousing/data-modeling-levels.html
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Benefits of Logical Data Modelling (M1)
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Greater understanding of data
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Focuses on data requirements – not technology
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Easy to understand
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Client approval/specification
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Saves development time
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Standardised format for other developers
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Data Protection Registrar
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Constraints of a Full Logical Data Model
Implementation (M2)
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Hardware Limitations
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Domain - Communication/Connection Limitations
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Data Format – Import Types, Text Files
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Database Engine
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Referentially
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Database Key Terms
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Database
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Table
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Record
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Field
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Entity
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Data Type
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Validation & Verification
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Data Dictionary
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Field
Table
Record
(Row)
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Database Key Terms 2
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Relationships
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One-to-One
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One-to-Many
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Many-to-Many
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Primary Key
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Foreign Key
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Referential Integrity
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Image used from Teach ICT A Level Entities & Attributes
Showing a relation between the 3 tables Videos, Rental
and Customers with Rental as a linking table
This shows a primary key
being assigned to the
field ID
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Linking Tables With Key
https://technet.microsoft.com
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One-to-Many Relationships:
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Eg. 1 Customer, Many Orders
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Two Tables
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Primary Key – Customer table
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Foreign Key – Order table (CustomerID)
Many-to-Many Relationships:
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Eg. Many Customers renting Many DVDs
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Three Tables (1 Linking Entity – Junction Table)
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Primary Key – Customer & DVD Table
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Foreign Key – Rentals table (CustomerID & DVD_ID)
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Teach-ict.com
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End of Task
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References
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BTEC Level 3 Information Technology Book 1
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Data Laws Ethics PowerPoint – Data Protection Rules
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Data Validity Document – Bright Future
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http://www.extropia.com/tutorials/sql/hierarchical_databases.html
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http://www.teachict.com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/AS_G061/315_database_concepts/normalisation/
miniweb/index.htm
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http://www.teachict.com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/AS_G061/315_database_concepts/attributes_enti
ties/miniweb/pg8.htm
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References 2
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http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4279089/what-is-the-differencebetween-logical-data-model-and-conceptual-data-model
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http://www.1keydata.com/datawarehousing/data-modeling-levels.html
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http://www.teachict.com/gcse_new/databases/terminology/miniweb/index.htm
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_analysis_and_design#Objectoriented_analysis
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