Transcript CH2 Chemistry & Cell

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR
Introduction
• All body structures are composed of
chemicals
• The body functions through chemical
processes
• Foods are broken down into simpler
substances, later to be converted into
chemical fuel
*Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Matter – anything that occupies space
and has mass (weight)
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR
Composition of Matter
• Elements
• Fundamental units of matter
• 96% of the body is made from four elements
• Carbon (C)
• Oxygen (O)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Atoms
• Building blocks of elements
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR
Slide 2.2
Atomic Structure
• Nucleus
• Protons (p+)
• Neutrons (n0)
• Outside of
nucleus
• Electrons (e-)
Figure 2.1
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR
Slide 2.3
Periodic Table (p.20)
6
Atomic
Number
C
Symbol
Carbon Name
12.011 Atomic
Mass
– Atomic # : How many protons
– Atomic Mass: Protons + Neutrons
– Why is the atomic mass not 12?
Compounds and Molecules
• Compounds
– Combination of atoms of 2 or more elements
• Chemical reaction involves rearrangement,
separation, or combination of atoms
• Atoms are never destroyed during a chemical
reaction= Eistein theory
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Bonds and Energy
• Atoms combine
chemically by forming
bonds
• Ionic bond – one
atom loses electrons,
while the other gains
electrons, from their
outer shell or orbit.
New atoms called
ions – NOT
electrically neutral
Common substances in living
systems
• Water
• Most abundant inorganic compounds
• Vital properties
• High heat capacity
• Polarity
• Chemical reactivity
• Cushioning
• *“Universal solvent”
Important Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates (CHO)
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Include sugars and starches
• Classified according to size
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars
• Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesis
• Polysaccharides – long branching chains
of linked simple sugars
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR
Slide 2.26
Important Organic Compounds
• Lipids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
• Insoluble in water
• Common names: triglycereides, fatty acids,
Slide 2.29
Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats
Saturated Fat = contains only single bonds between carbon
atoms, no double bonds
Unsaturated Fats = one or more double bonds between the
fatty acids
Trans Fats-
Important Organic Compounds
• Proteins
• Made of amino acids
• Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
• Example is enzymes
• Enzymes –specialize proteins that affect
chemical reactions
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR
Slide 2.33a
Important Organic Compounds
Nucleic acids (CHONP)
• Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) & RNA
• Organized by
complimentary bases
to form double helix
• Replicates before
cell division
• Provides instruction
for every protein in
the body
Figure 2.17c
Slide 2.36
Optimum cell function requires a stable cellular fluid
environment. The fluid that bathes the cell and transports
nutrients in and out of the cell is called extracellular fluid
(blood). The fluid within the cell is called intracellular fluid.
Cells become damaged when this fluid is not in balance
leading to dysfunction.
Movement of materials
in and out of cells
• Semipermeable membrane
• Diffusion – movement of molecules from
high concentration to lower concentration
• Osmosis – pertains only to movement of
water molecules from high concentration
to lower concentration
• Solute – substance dissolved in a solution
Solutions
• Hypertonic – solution in which water
molecules will move out of the cell; cell will
shrink (5% salt solution)
• Hypotonic – solution in which water
molecules will move into the cell; cell will
swell (pure distilled water)
pH
• Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
• pH 7 = neutral
• pH below 7 = acidic
• pH above 7 = basic
• Buffers
• Chemicals that can
regulate pH change
Figure 2.11
Slide 2.25
Questions
• How many protons, neutrons, and
electrons are found in an atom of oxygen?
• What is the chemical fuel used by our
bodies?
• What is pH?
• We hear about saturated vs. unsaturated
fats, what is the difference? Which
contributes to cardiovascular disease?
Chapter 3
Cell Structure
Introduction
• Cell is the basic unit of biologic
organization of the human body
• Cells are composed of Cytoplasm
– So mostly the fluid
• Organelles are building block of
structures making proteins
• Nucleus – control center of the cell
Anatomy of a Typical Cell
• Cell Membrane
– Double phospholipid plasma membrane
– Proteins
• Protoplasm
– liquid portion (water, hormones, enzymes, RNA, DNA)
• Nucleus
– most prominent structure, separated by the nuclear membrane
– DNA
• Mitochondria - “powerhouse of the cell”
– Site of cellular respiration, Produce ATP
• Lysosomes
– contain digestive enzymes to digest food in a Vacuole
– Suicide Agents
– Recycle Materials
More “cell parts”
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Rough, protein synthesis
– Smooth, fat transport, sex hormone synthesis
• Ribosomes
– site of protein synthesis
• Golgi Apparatus
– storage warehouse of the cell
– Compounds are collected and concentrated
• Centrioles – cell division
• Cilia and Flagella
– cilia are short
– flagella are long
– responsible for movement
Cell Metabolism:
-Our body is constantly changing at the level of the cell
-with changes we either use energy or create energy
-All cells in our body require energy to maintain their structure
Energy Production
-Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all be converted to energy
-ATP is the cells energy
-ATP is made by combining food & oxygen
Membrane Transport
• Protein Channels
– Active Transport
• requires ATP
– Receptor Sites
– Sodium / Potassium Pumps (muscle and
nerve cells)
Protein Synthesis
• Proteins
– enzymes, antibodies, channels
• DNA
– code located in the nucleus
– Goal: get code from the nucleus to ribosomes and
create the desired protein
• Transcription
– Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• mRNA to ribosomes
• Translation
– tRNA (Transfer RNA) -> Bring amino acids to mRNA