Transcript CHAPTER 5 Life in Society

CHAPTER 5
Socializing the Individual
Section 1: Personality Development
Section 2: The Social Self
Section 3: Agents of Socialization
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Personality Development
Objectives:
 Identify the four main factors that affect the development of
personality.
 Explain how isolation in childhood affects development.
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What is Personality?
 Sociologists define personality as the sum total of behaviors,
attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an
individual.
 What influences Your Personality?
 Parents
 Siblings
 Environment
 What?
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Four Factors That Shape
Personality Development
Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
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Four Factors That Shape
Personality Development
 Heredity –
Heredity
Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
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physical traits,
aptitudes,
inherited
characteristics,
biological drives
Factors That Shape
Personality Development
 Parents –
Heredity
Parents
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Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
parental
characteristics,
such as age,
education,
religion, and
economic status
Factors That Shape
Personality Development
 Birth order –
Heredity
personalities
are
shaped by whether
one has siblings
Parents
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Birth
order
Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
Factors That Shape
Personality Development
 Cultural
Heredity
environment
–
determines the
basic personality
types found in a
society
Parents
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Birth
order
Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
cultural
environment
Recipe for Personality
 Using the four “ingredients” we’ve discussed, what would you
say the recipe is for personality?
 How much (proportionately) of each would you include in your
recipe?
 What “cooking” instructions would you include?
 Do recipes differ from person to person?
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 Research shows that a healthy cultural environment is
essential for a child’s full development
 Isolation can lead to severe effects such as causing children to
waste away and die or to have stunted development
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 In a few cases, feral children (wild or untamed) were found
living with animals or isolated from human contact.
 These children seemingly had no reasoning ability, no
manners, and no ability to control bodily functions.
 Sociologists feel that this strongly supports the conclusion
that our personality comes from our cultural environment.
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 Anna and Isabelle
 Studied by Kingsley Davis
 Anna
 Unmarried woman/hostile grandfather
 Foster homes, then consigned to attic room
 Minimal care, undernourished, almost no human contact.
 At age 6, could not walk, talk, or feed self.
 Died at age 10.
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 Anna and Isabelle
 Studied by Kingsley Davis
 Isabelle
 Unmarried woman/hostile grandfather
 Confined to dark room with deaf mother
 Although she did not have other social interaction, did have
contact with mother
 After intensive training, reached social level of others her age.
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 Genie
 Basis of documentary
 Discovered 1970 at 13 years old
 Confined from 20 months to small bedroom
 Totally silent environment, beated if she made noise.
 After 8 years of intensive training, reached level of 3rd grade
student, did not progress more.
 Still alive in adult care facility.
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Institutionalization
 Psychologist Rene Spitz
 In 1945, studied infants in an orphanage.
 Children were given proper food and medical care.
 Children were not held, hugged, or spoken to by staff (efficient, but
very busy)
 Confined from 20 to small bedroom
 1/3 of the children died within 2 years
 Of the survivors, fewer than 25% could walk, dress themselves, or
feed themselves.
 Led to conclusion that physical contact and human
interaction is important for social and psychological
development.
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Product of our cultural environments?
 Does the term Dalai Lama best describe a spiritual
leader or an eastern religion?
 If someone gave you some Lapsang souchong, would you
spread it on bread or drink it?
 Is Lhasa a type of dog or a capital city?
 In which country so you think yak butter is an important
part of the people’s diet – India, Russia, or Tibet?
 The English translation of the word Chomolungma is
“Goddess Mother of the World.” What do you think
Chomolunga is?
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Product of our cultural environments?
 The Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of Buddhism.
 Lapsang souchong is a type of tea, therefore, you would drink
it.
 Lhasa is a capital city.
 Yak butter is an important part of the people’s diet in Tibet.
 Chomolunga is a mountain, it is the Tibetan name for Mount
Everest.
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Harry Harlow
 Did research with infant monkeys on how
body contact relates to attachment
 The monkeys had to chose between a cloth
mother or a wire mother that provided food.
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Harry Harlow
 The monkeys spent
most of their time by
the cloth mother.
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Product of our cultural environments?
 With your seat partner(s), discuss and come up with a list of
seven similar questions about American culture: things an
American would know, but that someone from another
culture might not.
 Write your questions on a sheet of paper to turn in with all
partner names included.
 Don’t share your questions with other groups – let’s see how
they do on your quiz!
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Section Review and Assignment
Answer the Following in a Paragraph
 What effect does the lack of human interaction have on
institutionalized children?
Define the Following:
Personality, Heredity, Instinct, Feral Children
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Section 2: The Social Self
Objectives:
 Explain how a person’s sense of self emerges.
 Identify and describe the theories that have been put forth to
explain the process of socialization.
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How I see myself
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How others see me
How Sense of Self Emerges
 Self is your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct
identity that separates you and your environment from other
members of society.
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How Sense of Self Emerges
 Through interaction with social and cultural environments
people are transformed into members of society
 The interactive process through which people learn the basic
skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society is
called socialization
 Many psychologists/sociologists have studied the topic and
have developed theories.
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Theories of Socialization
 Sigmund Freud – Interaction of id, ego, and superego
 John Locke – The Tabula Rosa
 Charles Horton Cooley – The Looking Glass Self
 George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking
 Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development
 Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
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Sigmund Freud – Id, Ego, and Superego
 Each person has three parts to their mind/self that must interact
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


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properly
Id –responsible for satisfaction of physical desires. Develops first
in all people.
Superego – conscience, encourages conformity to societal norms
and values
Ego – resolves the conflicts between id and superego
If all do not balance, a person would have socialization problems.
John Locke – The Tabula Rosa
 Each person is a blank slate at birth, with no personality.
 People develop personality as a result of their social
experiences.
 Moreover, infants can be molded into any type of person.
 This theory emphasizes strictly environmental elements in
the development of personality/self.
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Charles Horton Cooley –
The Looking Glass Self
 Infants have no sense of person or place.
 Children develop an image of themselves based on how
others see them.
 Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image a
child projects through their reactions to the child’s behavior.
 Significant Other
 someone whose opinions matter to us and who is in a position
to influence our thinking, especially about ourselves.
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George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking
 Self develops solely through social experience.
 People not only come to see themselves as others see them
but also take on or pretend to take on the roles of others
through imitation, play, and games.
 Proposes there are two elements of self:
 “I” self initiates action
 “me” self continues, interrupts, or changes action depending on
how others respond.
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George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking
 Stages of development
 Under three years old:
 Lack sense of self
 Imitate others – gestures, actions
 At about three years old:
 Play and act roles of others
 Role playing – doctor, farmer, mother
 At school age
 Organized games
 Anticipation what others might do.
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Profiling
 Create a Word Document
Profile for each of the
Theorists identified in
Section Two:
Each person’s major theory
should be explained in at
least 5 Sentences.
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John Locke
BornDiedPicture
John Locke created the Tabula
Rosa Theory. The Tabular
Rosa theory stated
that…….
Etc.
Agents of Socialization
Objectives:
 Identify the most important agents of socialization in the
United States.
 Explain why family and education are important social
institutions.
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Agents of Socialization
 Family – most important agent
 Provides stability in
 Language
 Personality traits
 Religion
 class
 Although other agents may temporarily
become central, family remains central
throughout the entire life course.
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Agents of Socialization
 Peer group – primary group
composed of individuals of
roughly equal age & social
characteristics,
 A place where a child can
exert independence from
family
 Very important in adolescence
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Agents of Socialization
 School -plays a major role in
socialization
 Provides education and training
 Cognitive skills
 Indoctrination of values
 Knowledge in subject areas
 Broadens social experiences
 Exposes children to a variety of
social backgrounds
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Agents of Socialization
 Mass media
Books, films,
the Internet,
magazines and
television, not
face-to-face
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Mass Media as a
Socialization Agent
 Mass media include books, films, the Internet,
magazines, newspapers, radio, and television.
 Television probably has the most influence on
children.
 The effect of television on children is an ongoing
debate.
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Importance of Family as an Agent of
Socialization
 Unlike other agents, the family is a constant influence in
one’s life.
 Provides continuous frame of reference
 Helps internalize culture and parental expectations
 These help to direct the behavior of the adult child.
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CHAPTER 5
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. How has the nature-versus-nurture debate evolved?
2. What do social scientists believe are the principal
factors that influence personality development?
3. What does research on children reared in isolation
indicate about the effects of the cultural environment
on social and psychological development?
4. What is the role of self in the socialization process?
5. According to Cooley, how does a person’s sense of self
develop in early childhood and when does this process
end?
6. Identify the primary agents of socialization in the
United States.
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Socialization through Fairy Tales
 http://www.literaturepage.com/read/grimms-fairy-tales.html
 Working in the following groups, read and analyze your assigned fairy
tale. Discuss how the tale might help children and contribute to their
socialization.
 Create a storyboard that shows how your story helps to socialize
children. Include information about what lessons, values, behaviors,
and beliefs are transmitted by the elements of your story.
 Be creative! You can tell your story in classic style, but you may also
rewrite the story, placing it in a new setting, time, or culture.
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