Transcript chamberlain - Beavercreek City Schools

Socializing the Individual
Types of Societies
Preindustrial
• Food production is the
main economic activity
• 4 Subdivisions:
1) Hunter/Gatherer:
constantly move around,
collect plants and hunt
animals daily, small in
number, family is main
social unit
2) Pastoral: live
nomadic life, move
herds to different
pastures, larger in
size because can
produce more
Division of labor
Produce goods
for trade
Gov’t –
hereditary
chieftains
3) Horticultural – main
food is fruits and
vegetables from gardens
– Use human labor to
cultivate
– When plot barren
move on and may
return later
– Stay in one area longer
– More settled life
(=)leads to more
developed economic
and political systems
4) Agricultural – animals used to
plow fields
Can plant more
Use irrigation and terracing
Larger populations
More div. of labor
• Hereditary monarchy
• Build roads
• Create armies
• Barter – exchange goods
and services
System of writing
2 groups: landowners and
peasants
Industrial Societies
• Emphasis on production of
goods
• Production increased due to
machines
• Reduces need for
agricultural workers
• Urbanization – factories in
cities
• Less skilled jobs due to
machines
• Freedom to compete for
social position
– Statuses are mostly achieved
Postindustrial Societies
• Economic emphasis is on
the provision of information
and services
– 76% of workers in US
involved in information and
services
• Standard of living improves
• Technological advances
viewed as necessary
• Focus on science and
technology
• Emphasis on social equality
and democracy
• Search for personal
fulfillment and focus on
rights of individual
Contrasting Societies
• Mechanical solidaritypeople share the same
values and perform same
task
– Unite them as a whole
– Clothing manufacturers
• Organic solidarity –
impersonal social
relationships that arise with
increased job specialization
– Dependent on others for
survival
– Hospital Staff
Personality Development
• Personality is the sum total of
the behaviors, attitudes,
beliefs and values that are
characteristic of an individual
– Personalities continue to
develop at varying rates
– No two people have the same
personality
– Determines how individuals
interact with other people
– Determines how an individual
adjusts to his or her
environment and reacts in
specific situations
Nature vs. Nurture
NATURE
• Heredity – transmission of
genetic characteristics
from parent to child
• Some human behavior is
instinct – unchanging
inherited behavior
• Sociobiology – systematic
study of the biological
basis of all social behavior
NURTURE
• Social environment and
learning determines
behavior and
development
• How you are raised
impacts your behavior
Factors of Personality Development
1) Heredity
– Aptitude – capacity to
learn a certain skill (can
be learned and
inherited)
– Sets limits on individuals
• Ex: dunk if 5’5”
2) Birth Order
– First borns = responsible,
achievement oriented,
natural leaders
– Youngest = sociable,
friendly, risk-takers
3) Parental Characteristics
– Education, religion, economic
status, cultural heritage of
parents influence personality
4) Cultural Environment
– Whatever qualities a person’s
culture deems good or
appropriate
– US model citizen –
competitive, assertive,
independent
– Male vs. female expectations
(jobs, clothing)
– Subculture also has impact
Influence of Social Environment
• Feral Children: Studies of
children raised in isolation show
impact of social environment
• They acquired no reasoning
ability, no manners, no ability to
control body
• They appeared untamed and
showed few human
characteristics
• Children who lack caring
environment possibly in an
institution develop mental,
physical and emotional skills at
slower pace
Socialization
• Interactive process
through which people
learn the basic skills,
values, beliefs, and
behavior patterns of a
society
• Self – conscious
awareness of possessing a
distinct identity that
separates you and your
environment from others
in society
• 3 theories of socialization
The Tabula Rasa
• John Locke
• We start as a clean slate
with no personality
• Personality develops as
result of our social
experiences
• Extreme view: you can
shape a child’s personality
to anything
The Looking-Glass Self
• Charles Horton Cooley
• We develop an image of ourselves based
on how we imagine we appear to others
• 3 steps
– How do we think we appear to others
– Attempt to determine whether others view us as we
do
– Use perceptions of how others judge us to develop
feelings about ourselves
• Continually adjust self-image as reinterpret
way they think others view them
• Ex: Parents who think child is capable and
competent will produce a child like that while
parents who think little of their child’s ability
will lead to child with inferiority issues
Role-Taking
• George Herbert Mead
• See ourselves as others see
us and take on roles of
others
• Internalize expectations of
significant others and
society
• Self is two parts
– I – unsocialized, spontaneous,
self-interested part of
personality
– Me – aware of expectations
and attitudes of society
– Me gets “larger” as we grow
up but always need both
Role-Taking
• Step 1: Imitation
– Doesn’t see self as
individual, just mimic
• Step 2 Play
– See self in relation to
others
– Will act out roles as they
begin to recognize
• Step 3- Organized
games
– Can take on own role
and anticipate others