Transcript Homogamy and high culture

Sociologists (once) studied father-son class mobility
tables
This conference studies the intergenerational
transmission of resources
THIS PROBLEM SHIFT IS THREEFOLD PROGRESSIVE:
Intergenerational transmission brings in father-daughter,
mother-son and mother-daughter transfers
A person’s class forms but one resource or handicap
And although the hypothesis that resources make for
advantages is worthwhile,
The study of the transmission of resources is more
pertinent than that of the transmission of advantages
HOWEVER, THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN RESOURCES
AND ADVANTAGES IS NOT ALWAYS CLEAR-CUT
People have a memory and knowledge is a resource
Therefore, a measurement of, say, the frequency of
museum visits
Not only stands for advantages, but also for resources
AND THE PROBLEM SHIFT DOES NOT GO FAR ENOUGH
It leaves out the topic of the reshuffling of resources
upon marriage or cohabitation
And it does not assign priorities to the study of the
transmission of one resource rather than another
IN WHAT FOLLOWS I CHART PROBLEM
SHIFTS IN RESEARCH ON MOBILITY IN
THE NETHERLANDS
I WILL SPEAK ONLY ABOUT RESEARCH I
HAVE BEEN INVOLVED WITH
AND I WILL SPEAK ONLY ABOUT
A PERSON’S IQ AS A RESOURCE
AND ABOUT CULTURAL RESOURCES
NEXT TO MATERIAL RESOURCES
LET ME TELL YOU ABOUT THE BIRDS AND THE BEES
RESEARCH ON STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY STILL
IS TOO MUCH ABOUT FATHERS AND SONS
AND
NOT ENOUGH ABOUT FATHERS AND DAUGTHERS
MOTHERS AND SONS
MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS
AND PARTICULARLY NOT ENOUGH ABOUT
HUSBANDS AND WIVES
POLITICIANS OF THE RIGHT ARE NOT PARTICULARLY
INTERESTED IN RESEARCH ON SOCIETAL
INEQUALITIES
INEQUALITY WILL ALWAYS BE THERE AND STATE
POLICIES TO CONTAIN THEM ARE FUTILE
POLITICIANS OF THE LEFT ARE MORE INTERESTED IN
RESEARCH ON SOCIETAL INEQUALITIES
THE DEGREE OF SOCIETAL INEQUALITY VARIES
ACCORDING TO PLACE AND TIME
AND STATE POLICIES TO CONTAIN THEM ARE VIABLE
IF A SOCIETY’S DEGREE OF, SAY,
INCOME INEQUALITY DOES NOT
CHANGE IN THE COURSE OF TIME
THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT, SAY, THE
INCOME OF ALL THE INHABITANTS OF
A SOCIETY REMAINS THE SAME
THAT IS WHY RESEARCH ON
STRATIFICATION DEVELOPS INTO
RESEARCH ON MOBILITY
RESEARCH ON CHANGES IN A
PERSON’S INCOME DEVELOPS INTO
RESEARCH ON THE SIMILARITY
BETWEEN PERSONS AND THEIR
OFFSPRING
SINCE HUMAN BEINGS DO NOT HAVE
ETERNAL LIFE AND
AND THE NEW BORN DO NOT GROW
UP ALL THEMSELVES
RESEARCH ON INTRA- AND
INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY ALSO
SHOULD LEAD TO RESEARCH ON
PATTERNS OF MARRIAGE AND
COHABITATION,
BUT UNTIL NOW HAS DONE SO ONLY
TO A LIMITED EXTENT
IT TAKES TWO TO MAKE A CHILD AND
MOST CHILDREN HAVE BEEN AND
WILL BE RAISED BY COUPLES
RECONSTITUTION QUESTIONS
PRECEED
REPRODUCTION QUESTIONS
I NEGLECTED RECONSTITUTION IN
1985 WHEN CONTRIBUTING TO THE
DUTCH ‘IQ DEBATE’
SCHOOL SUCCESS DEPENDS UPON
OWN AND FATHER’S IQ (ACCORDING
TO DRAFT TESTS), AS WELL AS
FATHER’S EDUCATION AND
OCCUPATION
THE EFFECT OF FATHER’S
EDUCATION UPON SON’S
EDUCATION WENT DOWN FROM 0.33
TO 0.24 WHEN INTRODUCING
FATHER’S AND SON’S IQ
I = IQ, OPL = EDUCATION, BER = OCCUPATION, V= FATHER, Z= SON
THERE IS NO DIRECT EFFECT OF FATHER’S IQ ON SON’S EDUCATION
DUTCH 1982 RECRUITS
THESE RESULTS MADE ME DECIDE
THAT NEXT TO IQ
EDUCATION AND OCCUPATION ARE
POWERFUL INDEPENDENT
RESOURCES
AND THAT THEIR EFFECTS SHOULD
BE STUDIED MORE CLOSELY
I FORGOT THAT JENSEN POINTED OUT
THAT A CHILD’S IQ ALSO DEPENDS
UPON MOTHER’S IQ
I FORGOT THAT JENSEN POINTED OUT
THAT THE TRANSMISSION FROM
PARENTS TO CHILDREN AND OVERALL
INEQUALITY IS SMALLER IF ENDOGAMY
IS MORE LIMITED
AND I FORGOT THAT JENSEN POINTED
OUT THAT THE QUESTION OF WHO
MARRIES WHOM IS AN EMINENTLY
SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTION
LATER ON I NEVER ESTIMATED
MODELS FOR A CHILD’S
SCHOOL SUCCESS
AS DEPENDING UPON
MOTHER’S AND FATHER’S IQ,
AS WELL AS MOTHER’S AND
FATHER’S LEVEL OF EDUCATION
HOW DID I BRING IN COUPLES?
HOW DID I DECIDE THAT IT WAS
IMPORTANT TO BRING IN COUPLES?
NO POLITICIAN WISHED TO FIDDLE
WITH MARRIAGE PATTERNS
POLITICIANS OF THE RIGHT SOUGHT TO MAINTAIN
LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON FREE PARTNER CHOICE
POLITICIANS OF THE LEFT FAVOURED THEIR
ABOLISHMENT HOPING FOR EQUALIZING RESULTS,
BUT THEY HAVE NEVER PROPOSED POLICIES
AIMING AT MORE HETEROGAMY
IN THE NETHERLANDS FROM 1815 UNTIL THE 1960S
PERSONS UNDER THE AGE OF 30 YEARS REQUIRED
PARENTAL PERMISSION TO MARRY
ALTHOUGH IN THE 20TH CENTURY THE DUTCH
STATE COULD OVERRULE PARENTAL OBJECTIONS
FOR OUR 1992 DUTCH TEXTBOOK WE COMPARED
THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTRAGENERATIONAL
INCOME MOBILITY AND ENDOGAMY TO INCOME
INEQUALITY AT THE COUPLE LEVEL RATHER THAN
THE INDIVIDUAL LAVEL
1980 AND 1986 WORKING COUPLES ONLY
COUPLE MEMBERS
TAKEN ON THEIR OWN
INCOME OF COUPLES
1980
GINI 0.33
1980
GINI 0.20
1986
GINI 0.28
1986
GINI 0.15
1980 + 1986
GINI 0.29
1980 + 1986
GINI 0.16
MEASURING INCOME FOR COUPLES RATHER THAN INDIVIDUALS
LOWERS INEQUALITY MUCH MORE
THAN ADDING UP INCOME FOR TWO SEPARATE YEARS
DO COUNTRIES DIFFER IN
EDUCATIONAL HETEROGAMY?
YES THEY DO
FOLLOWING ULTEE & LUIJKX
ESR 1990
COUNTRIES DIFFER BOTH IN
AN ABSULUTE AND RELATIVE
SENSE
IN EDUCATIONAL
HETEROGAMY
STEP PARAMETERS LIE BETWEEN ZERO
(FULL EDUCATIONAL HOMOGAMY) AND ONE
(NO ASSORTATIVE MATING)
EDUCATIONAL HETEROGAMY WAS MOST
WIDESPREAD IN NEW ZEALAND AND LEAST
WIDESPREAD IN HUNGARY
AND ACCORDING TO LOG-LINEAR MODELS
IF SELECTION IN SECUNDARY EDUCATION
FOR HIGHER AND LOWER DIPLOMA’S TAKES
PLACE AFTER THE AGE OF 12 YEARS
RELATIVE HETEROGAMY IS MORE COMMON
BOURDIEU HELD IN 1971 AND 1973 IN
SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION
THAT PERSONS WITH MORE ECONOMIC
RESOURCES TO SOME EXTENT
COMPENSATE STATE POLICIES LIMITING THE
TRANSMISSION OF ECONOMIC RESOURCES
THESE PERSONS DO SO BY MORE
HOMOGAMY
WE FOUND NO EVIDENCE THAT
MORE FATHER-SON MOBILITY GOES
TOGETHER WITH LESS RELATIVE
EDUCATIONAL HETEROGAMY
NAN-DIRK DE GRAAF & ULTEE 1991
FOUND THAT IN THE NETHERLANDS IN
1974 AND 1983
PARTICIPATION IN VARIOUS FORMS OF
HIGH CULTURE
DEPENDS NOT ONLY UPON A PERSON’S
LEVEL OF EDUCATION, BUT ALSO THE
LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF THAT
PERSON’S FATHER AND THE LEVEL OF
EDUCATION OF THAT PERSON’S SPOUSE
EFFECTS OBEYED A 1-2-3 RULE:
IF THE EFFECT OF FATHER’S EDUCATION
IS 1, THAT OF SPOUSE’S EDUCATION IS 2
AND THAT OF OWN EDUCATION 3
IN ADDITION
JOINT CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF SPOUSES
WAS FOUND TO DEPEND UPON HUSBAND’S
AND WIFE’S LEVEL OF EDUCATION
AND JOINT CULTURAL ACTIVITIES, IN
CONTRAST TO TOTAL CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
ARE NOT AFFECTED BY BEING IN A FULLTIME WORKING COUPLE (ANOTHER FORM
OF HOMOGAMY AND A STRONG
RESTRICTION)
THE
NETHERLANDS
IN 2003
KRAAYKAMP,
VAN GILS &
ULTEE
FORTHCOMING
IN POETICS
HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION
BETWEEN CULTURAL
PARTICIPATION AND SPOUSE’S
EDUCATION
MIGHT NOT BE A DIRECT EFFECT,
BUT A CONSEQUENCE OF PARTNER
SELECTION UPON CULTURAL
PARTICIPATION
THAT IS HOW UUNK & ULTEE 1996
CAME ABOUT
AND HOW A LINK WAS MADE WITH
LABOR MARKET RESEARCH
THE US BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
IN THE EARLY 1980S STARTED
PUBLISHING TABLES FOR COUPLES
SHOWING THAT AN (UN)EMPLOYED
HUSBAND MORE LIKELY IS TO HAVE AN
(UN)EMPLOYED WIFE
THIS ASSOCIATION TURNED OUT TO BE
MORE THAN A BYPRODUCT
OF THE TENDENCY TOWARDS
EDUCATIONAL HETEROGAMY AND THE
EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON
(UN)EMPLOYMENT
ACCORDING TO ULTEE, DESSENS & JANSEN
ESR 1988 AND
ACCORDING TO BERNASCO, PAUL DE GRAAF
& ULTEE ESR 1998
THERE WERE PARTNER-EFFECTS IN THE
NETHERLANDS IN THE 1980S:
A PERSON’S CHANCES OF BEING
UNEMPLOYED ARE HIGHER
IF THIS PERSON’S LEVEL OF EDUCATION IS
LOWER AND IF THE EDUCATION OF THIS
PERSON’S SPOUSE IS LOWER
AND FOR WIVES ENTRY AND EXIT INTO NONEMPLOYMENT DEPEND UPON HUSBAND’S
LEVEL OF EDUCATION TOO
UUNK & ULTEE 1996 FOUND THAT
FOR COUPLES IN THE
NETHERLANDS IN 1992
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
CULTURAL PARTICIPATION
MEASURED AT AGE 18 YEARS
WAS HIGHER THAN EXPECTED AS A
BYPRODUCT OF ORIGIN HOMOGAMY
AND EDUCATIONAL HOMOGAMY
UPON MARRIAGE CULTURAL
RESOURCES ARE STRONGLY
RESHUFFLED
UUNK & ULTEE
FOUND THAT THE
SINGLE TRAIT
PARAMETER FOR
CULTURE WAS 0.43
THE DUAL TRAIT
PARAMETER FOR
CULTURE
CONTROLING
ORIGIN 0.30 AND
CONTROLING
EDUCATION 0.22
AND THE THREE
TRAIT PARAMETER
FOR CULTURE 0.21
BOURDIEU HELD IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
INFORMATION FROM 1971 AND 1973 THAT IN
ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
INEQUALITIES LESS AND LESS ARE
REPRODUCED BY THE TRANSFER OF
ECONOMIC RESOURCES,
BUT MORE AND MORE BY THE TRANSFER OF
CULTURAL RESOURCES
SO, APART FROM HOMOGAMY,
THE TRANSFER OF CULTURAL RESOURCES IS A
COMPENSATORY STRATEGY FOR STATE
EQUALIZATION POLICIES
PAUL DE GRAAF IN 1986 FOUND FOR
DATA COLLECTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
IN 1977 AND BY COMPARING TWO
COHORTS
THAT IN THE LATER COHORT THE
EFFECT OF MATERIAL RESOURCES ON
CHILDREN’S SCHOOL SUCCESS
WAS ABSENT
AND THAT IN THE LATER COHORT THE
EFFECT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES WAS
SMALLER
JANSEN & ULTEE FOUND IN 1994 FOR SIMILAR
DATA COLLECTED IN THE NETHERLANDS IN 1986
AND BY COMPARING TWO COHORTS
THAT IN THE LATER COHORT THE EFFECT OF
MATERIAL RESOURCES ON CHILDREN’S SCHOOL
SUCCESS RE-APPEARED
WITH THE EFFECT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES ON
THE RISE
THE EFFECT OF MATERIAL RESOURCES WAS
INSIGNIFICANT IN THE COHORT GROWING UP IN
THE WAR YEARS
OF ALL POSSIBLE CULTURAL RESOURCES
ONLY READING AND BOOKS, AND NOT OUTDOOR
HIGH CULTURE ACTIVITIES, HAD EFFECTS
OF LATE, THERE IS THE CHAN-GOLDTHORPE
RESEARCH ON STRATIFICATION INVOLVING
MARRIAGE PATTERNS
IT AIMS FOR AN EXPLANATION OF CULTRUAL
ACTIVITIES BY A PERSON’S CLASS AND A
PERSON’S STATUS GROUP
CLASS AS MEASURED BY EGP
STATUS GROUP, IN WEBER’S SENSE, MEASURED
BY AN OPTIMAL-SCALING ANALYSIS OF A TABLE
SHOWING WHO MARRIES WHOM AS FAR AS
OCCUPATION GOES
IN A FORTHCOMING BOOK,
THE CHAPTER FOR THE NETHERLANDS IS
AUTHORED BY VAN EIJCK, KRAAYKAMP & ULTEE
ONE THESIS OF THE BOOK IS THAT STATUS
GROUP EXPLAINS MORE OF CULTURAL
PARTICIPATION THEN CLASS
THE DUTCH CONTRIBUTORS GOT INTO
DIFFICULTIES WITH THIS THESIS
SINCE IT TURNED OUT THAT MULTICOLLINEARITY
OF CLASS AND STATUS WAS TOO HIGH TO
ESTIMATE MODELS
ANOTHER DIFFICULTY WAS THAT GANZEBOOM
SHOWED LONG AGO THAT IN THE
NETHERLANDS, OF ALL INDIVIDUAL
CHARACTERISTICS, EDUCATION EXPLAINS MUCH
MORE OF CULTURAL PARTICIPATION THAN
OCCUPATION
ANOTHER DUTCH DIFFICULTY WAS THAT IT HAD
BEEN SHOWN FOR THE NETHERLANDS THAT
CULTURAL PARTICIPATION DEPENDS ON A
PERSON’S EDUCATION AND UPON THE EDUCATION
OF THIS PERSON’S SPOUSE
THE DUTCH TEAM THEREFORE ESTIMATED MODELS
INCLUDING PERSONAL EDUCATION AND STATUS, AS
WELL AS PARTNER’S EDUCATION AND STATUS
I FOUND IT A BIT PECULIAR THAT CHANGOLDTHORPE STUDIED STATUS EFFECTS
BY WAY OF MODELS THAT DID NOT INCLUDE
EFFECTS OF PROPERTIES OF A PERSON’S SPOUSE
THAT WAS A BIT LIKE ESTIMATING CONTEXTUAL
EFFECTS WITHOUT INCLUDING THE
CORRESPONDING INDIVIDUAL EFFECT
SO,
INDEPENDENT OF A PERSON’S
EDUCATION AND THE EDUCATION
OF A PERSON’S SPOUSE
OCCUPATIONAL STATUS FOR
HUSBANDS AND WIVES
CONTRIBUTED TO ATTENDING
CLASSICAL CONCERTS
BUT NOT TO ATTENDING POP
CONCERTS
BUT THAT ONLY IS EFFECTS BETWEEN
SPOUSES
RECENTLY NOTTEN SHOWED THAT IN THE
NETHERLANDS
MORE PARENTAL TELEVISION WATCHING
LOWERS A CHILD’S SUCCESS IN SCHOOL
INDEPENDENT OF PARENTAL EDUCATION
AND OCCUPATION
AT THIS CONFERENCE, NOTTEN REDOES
THIS ANALYSIS FOR 50 PISA-COUNTRIES