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STANDARDS OF HIGH CULTURE
UNDER UPWARD MOBILITY AND
OUTMARRIAGE
WOUT ULTEE & NAN-DIRK DE GRAAF
RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN
EQUALSOC BARCELONA
SEPTEMBER 22-23, 2006
QUESTION 1: IS THERE FOR THE
NETHERLANDS FROM 1974, 1983, 1993, 1998,
2000 TO 2003 AN UPWARD TREND IN
ATTENDANCE OF CLASSICAL CONCERTS
AND VISITING MUSEUMS?
QUESTION 2: DOES IN EVERY YEAR MORE
EDUCATION MAKE FOR HIGHER CHANCES
OF ATTENDANCE AND VISITING?
QUESTION 3: IF THERE IS NO UNIFORM
UPWARD TREND, DID THE CHANCES OF
ATTENDANCE AND VISITING DECLINE FOR
THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION?
QUESTION 4: AND IF SO, DID THE
CHANCES OF ATTENDANCE AND VISITING
ALSO DROP
FOR THOSE WITH THE HIGHEST
EDUCATION AND A FATHER AND SPOUSE
WITH THAT EDUCATION?
QUESTION 5: AND IF SO, DID THIS
DECLINE COVARY
WITH THE PERCENT OF THE PERSONS
WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION
MARRIED TO A PERSON WITH THE
HIGHEST EDUCATION AND BORN TO A
FATHER WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION?
QUESTION 6: AND WHEN ACCOUNTING
FOR A PERSON’S ATTENDANCE AND
VISITING,
DID THE WEIGHT OF THIS PERSON’S
EDUCATION INCREASE
RELATIVE TO THE WEIGHT OF THE
EDUCATION OF THIS PERSON’S SPOUSE
AND FATHER?
A HARD-NOSED EXERCISE IN QUANTITATIVE
SOCIOLOGY? YES, BUT:
MY THEORY IS A MIRROR-IMAGE OF A GENERAL
THEORY OF COMPETITIVE EXCESSES IN
VARIOUS FORMS OF ART AND ELITIST ACTION
THIS THEORY WAS PROPOSED BY ELIAS,
GOMBRICH AND BOURDIEU
WITH THE THEORY OF COMPETITIVE EXCESSES
AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO KANT’S THEORY OF
PURE AESTHETICS,
AND WITH THE THEORY OF COMPETITIVE
EXCESSES AVOIDING THE OBJECTION OF
SOCIAL ARBITRARINESS
IF SOMETHING IS NOT EITHER
UGLY/KITSCH OR BEAUTIFUL/ART,
BUT IF THERE IS AN UNDERLYING
CONTINUOUS YET ‘PURE’ SCALE,
THEN INHERENT PROCESSES OF
IMPROVEMENT PROPELLED BY
COMPETITION
IN CLOSED SOCIETIES MAKE FOR
UPWARDLY CHANGING CUT-OFF
POINTS
AND IN OPEN SOCIETIES FOR
DOWNWARDLY CHANGING CUTOFF POINTS
ACCORDING TO ELIAS,
COMPETITION BETWEEN THE
BOURGEOISIE AND THE
NOBILITY IN ABSOLUTIST
FRANCE MADE FOR MORE AND
MORE ELABORATE RULES OF
CIVILIZED BEHAVIOUR
ACCORDING TO GOMBRICH,
THE COMPETITION BETWEEN
CITIES IN MEDIEVAL FRANCE
MADE FOR HIGHER AND
HIGHER VAULTS IN
CATHEDRALS
OTHER CASES FROM ARCHITECTURE:
THE ROMAN PANTHEON AND THE
DOME OF FLORENCE
MOSQUES WITH HIGHER AND HIGHER
DOMES IN ISTANBUL AFTER THE FALL
OF CONSTANTINOPLE
ESCORIAL, VERSAILLES,
SCHOENBRUNN: LARGER ROYAL
PALACES WITH LARGER GARDENS
THE ‘GRAND TRAVAUX’ OF THE
PRENCH POST-WORLD-WAR-TWO
PRESIDENTS SINCE THE CENTRE
POMPIDOU
COMPETITION BETWEEN THE
ABSOLUTIST RULERS OF THE 18 TH
CENTURY GERMAN STATES:
NOT ONLY LARGER PALACES, BUT ALSO
BIGGER COLLECTIONS OF PICTURES AND
LARGER ORCHESTRAS
IN THE 19TH CENTURY BIEDERMEIDER
ERA AND THE KAISERREICH:
FROZEN INTO BILDUNGSBUERGERTUM
THE NETHERLANDS AS A MARITIME
REPUBLIC WITH AMSTERDAM AS
COMMERCIAL CENTER REMAINED
OUTSIDE THIS COMPETITION,
BUT COMPETITION BETWEEN PAINTERS
IN A PROTESTANT COUNTRY FOR THE
FAVORS OF THE SMALL BOURGEOISIE
LED TO VARIOUS GENRES IN PAINTING,
AMONG THEM STILL LIFES
THE NETHERLANDS DID NOT HAVE
COURT CULTURE, SINCE IT AS A
REPUBLIC DID NOT HAVE MUCH OF A
COURT
THE DUTCH REPUBLIC DID HAVE
A STADTHOLDER WITH ROYAL
ASPIRATIONS, AND
STADTHOLDER WILLIAM V, WHO
WAS MARRIED TO A PRINCESS
FROM PRUSSIA,
IN 1774 OPENED IN THE HAGUE,
THE POLITICAL CENTER OF THE
DUTCH REPUBLIC, TO THE
PUBLIC HIS COLLECTION OF
PAINTINGS
THE FRENCH IN 1795 TOOK THAT
COLLECTION TO THE LOUVRE,
AS PART OF THEIR ‘ARTISTIC
VICTORY’
AT THE VIENNA CONGRESS IT WAS
DECIDED THAT THE NETHERLANDS
WOULD BECOME A KINGDOM
THE STADTHOUDER COLLECTION
STOLEN BY THE FRANCH WAS
RETURNED IN 1822
AND HAS BEEN ON DISPLAY SINCE THEN
IN ROYAL MUSEUM MAURITSHUIS IN
THE HAGUE
IT COULD BE VIEWED BY ANY ADULT
WHO WAS WELL-DRESSED AND
WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING CHILDREN
IN THE HAGUE IN 1800 IN ‘HUIS TEN BOSCH’, A
RESIDENCE OF THE LAST STADTHOLDER WHO
FLED IN 1795, A STATE MUSEUM WAS OPENED
LOUIS-NAPOLEON, KING OF HOLLAND FROM
1806 TO 1810, MOVED IT TO THE TOWNHALL IN
AMSTERDAM
IT WAS MOVED AGAIN IN 1817 TO THE HOUSE OF
THE BROTHERS TRIP WHO BECAME FILTHY
RICH IN THE 17TH CENTURY IN IRON TRADE,
PRIMARILY WEAPONS, WITH SWEDEN
THE COLLECTION MOVED IN 1885 TO THE
CURRENT BUILDING OF THE RIJKSMUSEUM IN
AMSTERDAM
WHAT NOW IS CELEBRATED AS CLASSICAL
MUSIC CAME TO THE NETHERLANDS AT THE
END OF THE 18TH CENTURY WITH THE
ENLIGHTENMENT
THE QUARTERS OF THE STADTHOLDER IN THE
HAGUE IN THE 18TH CENTURY HAD A MUSIC
AND DANCE HALL AND A BAND – BUT NOT AN
ORCHESTRA
NANNERL AND WOLFGANG MOZART PLAYED
THERE IN 1765
THEY STAYED FOR SEVEN MONTHS BECAUSE
FIRST SHE AND THEN HE CAUGHT TYPHOID
MOZART’S SYMPHONY KV20 PREMIERED IN
AMSTERDAM IN 1766 IN THE RIDING SCHOOL
IN ASTERDAM, IN 1785 THE SOCIETY FELIX
MERITUS (‘HAPPY THROUGH MERIT’)
OPENED A BUILDING WITH A MUSIC HALL
AND A HALL FOR NATURAL EXPERIMENTS
IN 1830 ODEON OPENED AS A MUSIC HALL
FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC
THE PRESENT CONCERTGEBOUW IN
AMSTERDAM WAS OPENED IN 1887
IN THE HAGUE IN 1805 THE SOCIETY
DILIGENTIA (‘PERSEVERING APPLICATION’)
FOR EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY OPENED
A NEW BUILDING, AND 1821 COME TO OFFER
TO CONCERTI DILIGENTIA AN AUDITORIUM
WITH A ROYAL BOX
A THESIS FOR NOVEL COMPARATIVE
SOCIOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL RESEARCH:
IF A COUNTRY KNEW BEFORE 1795 AND
BEFORE 1871 A STRONGER COURT CULTURE,
THEN RIGHT NOW HIGH CULTURE IS A MORE
IMPORTANT PART OF LEISURE IN THAT
COUNTRY
THIS HYPOTHESIS CAN BE TESTED QUITE
EASILY IN A COUNTRY COMPARISON WHICH
ESTABLISHES THE YEARS IN WHICH MUSEUMS
AND CONCERT HALLS WERE ESTABLISHED
AND TAKES THESE YEARS AS VARIABLES
EXPLAINING NATIONAL PARTICIPATION IN
VARIOUS FORMS OF HIGH CULTURE
WEBER’S AND GOLDTHORPE’S WAY
OF BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN
THEORY AND RESEARCH IN
SOCIOLOGY:
IN ORDER TO DEVELOP THEORIES,
TAKE WELL-ESTABLISHED
EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES AS
STARTING POINT
ULTEE’S LESS SHAKY AND MORE
PROMISING BRIDGE:
TAKE A MICRO-MACRO PARADOX AS
STARTING POINT
THE MICRO-MACRO PARADOX OF PARIS-INSEE
SOCIOLOGISTS:
HOW IS IT POSSIBLE THAT READING IS DECLINING,
WHEREAS MORE EDUCATION MAKES FOR MORE
READING AND THE GENERAL LEVEL OF
EDUCATION HAS INCREASED?
THE EASY ANSWER:
IT’S THE TELEVISION STUPID!
THE LONG ANSWER:
WITH MORE UPWARD MOBILITY, THE
ESTABLISHED AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF
EDUCATION ARE UNABLE TO MAINTAIN ANY
STANDARD OF HIGH CULTURE IN THE FACE OF
MANY NEWCOMERS
SO THE INDIVIDUAL HYPOTHESIS
IS A GENERALIZATION OF THE
EGOISM- PROPOSITION IN
DURKHEIM’S LE SUICIDE:
IF PERSONS ARE MORE STRONGLY
INTEGRATED INTO A GROUP,
THEY WILL BE MORE LIKELY LIVE
UP TO ANY OF ITS STANDARDS
AND IF THEY ARE LESS
INTEGRATED, THEY ARE LESS
LIKELY TO COMPLY
WITH AS AUXILIARY ASSUMPTIONS:
READING, ATTENDING CLASSICAL CONCERTS AND
VISITING MUSEUMS ARE STANDARDS AMONG THE
HIGH LY EDUCATED
UPWARDLY MOBILE PERSONS ARE LESS
INTEGRATED INTO THE GROUP OF HIGHLY
EDUCATED PERSONS: COMPOSITION EFFECT
THE HIGHLY EDUCATED FROM HIGHLY EDUCATED
PARENTS DISINTEGRATE S A GROUP UNDER
UPWARD MOBILITY: CONTEXTUAL EFFECT
EDUCATIONAL HETEROGAMY HAS THE SAME
EFFECTS AS EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY
THE DOWNWARD TREND IS
EXPLAINED BY THE
COMPOSITION EFFECT
BUT THE IMPORTANT PART OF
THE THEORY IS THE
CONTEXTUAL EFFECT: THERE IS
IN AN OPEN SOCIETY A
DOWNWARD SPIRAL
MAKING THE THEORY A MIRROR
OF THE UPWARD SPIRAL
POSTULATED FOR CLOSED
SOCIETIES
THE ISSUE BEING RAISED RIGHT NOW BY
OXFORD SOCIOLOGISTS IS WHETHER
STATUS HAS STRONGER EFFECTS ON HIGH
CULTURE THAN CLASS
THE WAY OF MEASURING STATUS INVOLVES
A MACRO-MEASURE REFERRING TO
MARRIAGE AND FRIENDSHIP PATTERNS,
WHEREAS I USE A MICRO-MEASURE AND A
CONTEXTUAL MEASURE
DO NOT GO AFTER CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS
WITHOUT INCLUDING INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS
IN THE NETHERLANDS OF ALL INDIVIDUAL
EFFECTS, THAT OF EDUCATION IS
STRONGEST
THE FOLLOWING TIME SERIES
FOR THE NETHERLANDS PERTAIN
ONLY TO PERSONS WHOSE
EDUCATION IS KNOWN, AS WELL
AS THE EDUCTION OF THEIR
SPOUSE AND FATHER
1974 AND 1983 ARE FROM THE
LIFE STUATION SURVEY OF
STATISTICS NETHERLANDS
1993, 1998, 2000 AND 2003 FROM
THE SERIES FAMILY SURVEY
DUTCH POPULATION FNB
FOUR LEVELS OF
EDUCATION:
ONLY PRIMARY,
LOWER SECONDARY,
HIGHER SECONDARY,
TERTIARY
I SKIP READING AS
HIGH CULTURE TO
LESSEN THE
TELEVISION EFFECT
ANSWER 1
PERCENT EVER (VERSUS NEVER IN A YEAR)
ATTENDING
CLASSICAL
CONCERT
1974
1983
1993
1998
2000
2003
28
33
25
31
29
22
VISITING
MUSEUM
29
42
47
65
67
55
ANSWER 2
ODDS RATIO HIGHEST / LOWEST EDUCATION AND ODDS
RATIO HIGHERS / HIGHEST BUT ONE EDUCATION
ATTENDING
CLASSICAL
CONCERT
1974
1983
1993
1998
2000
2003
9.3
9.3
5.9
6.4
7.5
5.9
1.4
2.8
2.7
4.9
3.6
3.6
VISITING
MUSEUM
11.2
9.5
5.6
11.0
2.5
5.7
1.5
3.0
3.0
2.7
3.6
3.1
ANSWER 3
PERCENT EVER (VERSUS NEVER IN A YEAR) ONLY
PERSONS WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION
ATTENDING
CLASSICAL
CONCERT
1974
1983
1993
1998
2000
2003
56
64
42
55
53
37
VISITING
MUSEUM
58
74
70
85
87
77
ANSWER 2 AGAIN
ODDS RATIO HIGHEST / LOWEST EDUCATION AND ODDS
RATIO HIGHERS / HIGHEST BUT ONE EDUCATION FOR
THE EDUCATIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS ONLY
ATTENDING
CLASSICAL
CONCERT
1974
1983
1993
1998
2000
2003
40.8
36.0
21.4
18.3
14.4
8.1
1.9
4.3
6.2
11.5
7.1
6.1
VISITING
MUSEUM
38.5
22.5
9.6
24.7
8.6
11.5
2.1
4.5
4.3
3.9
3.5
4.8
ANSWER 4
PERCENT EVER (VERSUS NEVER IN A YEAR) ONLY
PERSONS WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION AND
FATHER AND SPOUSE WITH THE SAME EDUCATION
ATTENDING
CLASSICAL
CONCERT
1974
1983
1993
1998
2000
2003
78
80
65
67
64
50
VISITING
MUSEUM
77
84
78
91
88
85
ANSWER 5
AND AS THE CLIMAX OR ANTI-CLIMAX
THE NUMBER OF PERSONS
HOMOGENEOUS AT THE HIGHEST (AND
LOWEST) LEVEL OF EDUCATION AS A
PERCENT OF THE PERSONS WITH THE
HIGHEST (LOWEST) LEVEL OF EDUCATION
HIGHEST
1974
1983
1993
1998
2000
2003
8
11
17
20
18
19
LOWEST
58
52
28
27
34
27
THERE GOES A
NON-GRAND
THEORY?
OUR INDIVIDUAL HYPOTHESIS WAS ABOUT LIVING UP
TO THE STANDARDS OF A GROUP
THESE STANDARDS ARE BEST EXEMPLIFIED BY
PERSONS WHOSE FATHER AND SPOUSE ARE IN THIS
GROUP TOO
FOR ESTIMATING EFFECTS OF OWN, FATHER’S AND
SPOUSAL EDUCATION, LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS
MISS THE GIST OF THE INDIVIDUAL HYPOTHESIS
THESE MODELS ASSUME THAT MARGINAL
FREQUENCIES ARE REFERENCE POINT FOR PERSONS,
WHEREAS DIAGONAL FREQUENCIES ARE SO
APPLY SOBEL’S DIAGONAL REFERENCE MODELS
ANSWER 6
WEIGHTS IN DIAGONAL REFERENCE MODELS FOR
OWN, SPOUSE’S, AND FATHER’S EDUCATION
CONCERT
1974
1983
1993
1998
2000
2003
0.43
0.35
0.43
0.52
0.56
0.50
0.35
0.48
0.21
0.45
0.42
0.30
0.22
0.17
0.37
0.07
0.02
0.20
MUSEUM
0.48 0.30 0.22
0.52 0.34 0.14
0.62 0.27 0.11
0.52 0.45 0.07
?!0.61 0.56 -0.17!?
0.48 0.44 0.08
WEIGHTS OF OWN EDUCATION ARE UP, OF
FATHER’S EDUCATION DOWN, OF SPOUSE’S
EDUCATION UP WITH RESPECT TO MUSEUM VISITS
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