Transcript Mouth

Introduction to Animal Diversity
• Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Animalia
-multicellular- many cells and organs,
organ systems
-heterotrophs (obtain nutrients from others)
Fig. 18-3a
Basic body organization: Body Symmetry
Dorsal surface
Top
Anterior
end
Posterior
end
Ventral surface
Bottom
Radial organization,
like a tire or donut,
mouth & anus same.
Bilateral (2 sided) definite head
and tail, top (dorsal) bottom
(ventral), one way digestion in
mouth, waste out anus
Body Symmetry: part spiral
Back end of body spirals over in shell, “poops” on
neck… ewww.
Invertebrates: no backbones
Jointed Walking legs
• Found in animals with exoskeletons (found
outside of muscles…
Notice how the legs are
hinged
Body Segmentation invertebrates (divided into
sections) (can be even or 3 main parts-head/thorax/abdomen)
Tentacles vs. Antennae:
invertebrates-no backbones
•
Tentacles and arms are important for animals in feeding, sensing, grasping, and
locomotion
•
Tentacles
•
small antennae in the snails and slugs are another type of tentacles, which are useful
in sensory function or in sensing the environment
•
Antennae only on head for sensory information
arms
Phylum Chordata (chordates-> vertebrates…)
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Five characteristics of Chordates
1. Single, hollow nerve cord beneath dorsal surface (your back); in vertebrates,
it becomes the brain and spinal cord
2. Notochord: flexible rod on the dorsal side of gut, present at one stage in all
chordates; becomes the vertebral column that forms around the nerve cord
3. Pharyngeal slits (pouches) connect pharynx (between mouth and esophagus)
gills in sharks, fish; present in terrestrial animal embryos but disappear later
except Eustachian tube (connecting throat and middle ear)
4. Postanal tail extends beyond anus; present at least in embryo; regresses into
tail bone in humans
5. Segmentation: reflected in arrangement of muscles and in vertebral column
Traits to sort out with chordates
• Skin structures: hair present or feathers present
or scales or none of the above
• Appendages: wings present or legs present or
fins present or none of the above
• Skeleton: Bony (bone) or cartilaginous
(cartilage like your ear lobe or tip of nose, soft)
• Teeth: there or not
No true
tissues
Just loosely arranged cells, very little
organization… “parazoa” kind of an
animal
Radial
symmetry
Includes sea jellies, anenomes
Sponges
Cnidarians
Mouth/Anus same
Have definite head and tail (end)
2 sided
Echinoderms
In embryo, mouth forms 2nd after anus…
Chordates
Flatworms
Protostomes
Bilateral
symmetry
Bilaterians
Eumetazoans
True
tissues
Deuterostomes
Ancestral
colonial
protist
Molluscs
Annelids
In embryo, mouth forms first then
anus
Arthropods
Nematodes
Phylum Porifera
Sponges (parazoa, sort of animal)
Loose organization
Filter feeders,
Pull water in the sides out the top
Fig. 18-5d
Pores
Choanocyte
Amoebocyte
Skeletal
fiber
Central
cavity
Choanocyte
in contact
with an
amoebocyte
Water
flow
Flagella
Phylum Cnidaria:
Radial symmetry: Hollow body
Mouth/anus same, 2 way digestion
Stinging cells on tentacles (cnidocyts)
Two body forms: polyp, stationary, but can
move if necessary, (anemone, coral)
Medusa: free floating (sea jelly)
Has a nervous system, digestive cavity
Flatworms:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Platy= flat; helminthes= worm
Has eye spots and can detect light
A lot of these worms are parasites
Nerve cords
Mouth
Bilateral symmetry
Eyespots
Fig. 18-7b
Tapeworms: Phylum Platyhelmintes
Units with
reproductive
structures
Scolex
(anterior
end)
Hooks
Sucker
Fig. 18-8a
Phylum Nematoda
Round worms
A lot are parasites
Examples:
Pinworms; found in cat
boxes can be passed to
humans who don’t wash
their hands.
Mouth
Phylum Mollusca (mollusks; clams, limpets, snails, slugs, squid,
octopus
Visceral mass
Coelom
Kidney
Heart
Mantle
Reproductive
organs
Digestive
tract
Shell
Digestive tract
Mantle
cavity
Radula
Anus
Radula
Mouth
Gill
Mouth
Foot
Nerve
cords
Phylum Mollusca: Land: Snail & Slugs, Class Gastropoda
(stomach foot)… can be marine
Class Bivalvia (2 shells):
clam
Class Cephalopoda (head, foot):
squid, octopus, lost most of their shells (just
intternal.
Phylum Annelia:
Segmented worms,
earthworms, leeches
Epidermis
Anus
Segment wall
(partition
between
segments)
Circular
muscle
Segment
wall
Longitudinal
muscle
Dorsal
blood
vessel
Mucus-secreting
organ
Bristles
Excretory
organ
Intestine
Bristles
Nerve cord
Excretory
organ
Dorsal
Digestive
blood Coelom
tract
vessel
Ventral blood vessel
Segment
wall
Brain
Ventral blood vessel
Mouth
Nerve cord
Pumping
segmental
vessels
Giant
Australian
earthworm
Phylum Annelida examples:
Phylum Arthropoda (jointed feet)
• Divided into 3 basic categories
– Myriapoda, lots of feet
• Class Diplopoda (2 pairs of feet per segment)
– millipedes, vegetarians
• Class Chilopoda: centipedes (1 pair of feet per segment)
– Carnivores
– Mandibulata, jaws (Class Insecta)
– Chelicerata chewing feet
• Class Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks,
horseshoe crabs)
• Class Crustacea (crabs, lobster & barnacles)
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Arachnida
A scorpion
(about 8 cm long)
A black widow
spider (about
1 cm wide)
A dust mite
(about 420 m
long)
Horseshoe crab, 14-19 inches
as adults
Fig. 18-11e
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Chilopoda (1
pair of feet per segment, centipedes,
carnivores (myriapoda lots of feet)
Phylum Arthropoda: Class
Diplopoda (2 pairs of feet per
segment, millipedes, vegetarians
(myriapoda lots of feet)
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Crustacea
Barnacles
Crayfish or craydads
Crabs
Cephalothorax
Head
Abdomen
Phylum Arthropoda:
Class Crustacea
Thorax
Antennae
(sensory
reception)
Swimming
appendages
Walking legs
Pincer (defense)
Mouthparts (feeding)
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insects
• The hexapods (six legs)
• 3 body parts:
– head, with antennae
– thorax (chest) w/appendages,
– abdomen
Fig. 18-12a
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta
Phylum Arthropoda: Class Insecta
Head
Antenna
Thorax
Abdomen
Forewing
Eye
Mouthparts
Hindwing
Phylum Arthropoda:
Class Insecta
Check out the
camophlage
Walking Stick
Praying mantis
Owl butterfly great
way to fool predators
owl
Phylum Echinodermata (spiny skin)
Internal calcium skeleton, early embryos develop like
chordates
Closest invertebrate relative (DNA) to Chordates (that’s us)
Evolved from biradial ancestors, have pentaradial symmetry
(in fives) Tube feet, and spines,
no representatives in freshwater or on land.
Sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
Phylum Echinodermata
Spines
Sea Star
Tube
feet
Sea Urchin
Sea Cucumber
Sand dollar
Excurrent
siphon
Phylum: Urochordata, not quite
a full chordate, larvae
metamorphoreses
Dorsal, hollow
nerve cord
Post-anal tail
Pharyngeal
slits
Mouth
Muscle
segments
Notochord
Adult
(about 3 cm high)
Larva
Phylum Cephalochordate, not quite a
full chordate… larvae sexually mature
Head
Notochord
Mouth
Pharynx
Dorsal,
hollow
nerve cord
Pharyngeal
slits
Digestive tract
Water exit
Segmental
muscles
Anus
Post-anal
tail
Phylum Chordata (Craniata)
• Class Agnatha (no jaws)
lamprey
• Class Chondrichythes (cartilage fish)
Sharks, skates, rays
• Class Ostheichythes (bony fish)
trout
Phylum Chordata: (Craniata)
• Class Amphibia (must lay eggs in water)
-tetrapods… (4 legs)
-Frogs, toads, salamanders
• Class Reptilia (and sub class Aves-birds)
– Most tetrapods, don’t need
– Water to reproduce
– Lizards, snakes, alligators, crocodiles
Phylum Chordata: Class Amphibia
Frog
Salamander Toad
Phylum Chordata: Class
Reptilia and sub class Aves
Western Fence Lizard
California Quail
Phylum Chordata (Craniata)
Class Mammalia
• 3 types of mammals (hair, nurse young)
• Monotreme (lay eggs, males have poison
spurs)
• Marsupials (early birth, pouch)
• Eutheria (true mammals, fetus connected to
mother by placental: placental mammals)
Phylum Chordata: Class Mammalia
Monotreme: duckbill platypus
Marsupials: Opossum
Phylum Chordata: Class Mammalia
Fig. 18-15
No true
tissues
Sponges
Radial
symmetry
Ancestral
colonial
protist
Cnidarians
Deuterostomes Lophotrochozoans
Bilateral
symmetry
Bilaterians
Eumetazoans
True
tissues
Echinoderms
Chordates
Flatworms
Molluscs
Annelids
Ecdysozoans
Nematodes
Arthropods
Fig. 18-UN3