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Chapter 7b
Heterotrophic Nutrition
These are organisms that can not
make their own food
Therefore they have to obtain it from
the environment
Ingestion  Digestion  Egestion
Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Organisms are unable to convert inorganic materials into
organic nutrients
Carry out
– Mechanical Digestion: physically broken down ,
• the increase in surface area of food by physically grinding and cutting
food into smaller pieces
– Ex: chewing food with teeth
– Chemical Digestion: (hydrolysis)broken down chemically
using Enzymes and water
• Occurs in stages and leads to FINAL END PRODUCTS
• Can Occur:
– Extracellular: in most animals by the use of organs
– Intracellular: takes place within a cell, vacuoles and
lysosomes required
Four types of digestion:
Mechanical/Physical Digestion: the increase
in surface area of food by physically
grinding and cutting food into smaller pieces
Ex: chewing food with teeth
Chemical digestion- Large food molecules
are broken down into smaller ones by
the use of enzymes (Hydrolysis)
Three steps of Digestion
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Egestion
Ingestion
The taking in of food into the body
Digestion
• The process by which large molecules are
broken down into smaller molecules that can be
used by the cells.
Egestion
• The elimination of undigested food from the
body in the form of feces.
• Do not confuse with excretion, which is the
removal of cellular wastes and not undigested
food
5 kingdoms
Monera
No Nucleus
bacteria
Protist ameoba
Has a Nucleus
unicellular
paramecium
Plant moss, flowers
multicellular
Trees grass
autotrophic
Fungi, mushrooms,
Heterotrophic
Absorb
Mold, mildew,
YEAST,RHIZOPUS
Ingest
Animal, Humans,
monkeys, whales
5 kingdoms
Kingdom: Monera
– Most bacteria are heterotrophic.
• Digestion is Extracellular
Some are:
• Saprophytes: obtain nutrients from dead animal and
plant material.
• Parasites: live ON or IN the organism on which they
feed
Borrelia
Ecoli
Streptococci
5 kingdoms
Kingdom: Protista
ex: Algae, amoeba, paramecium
Protista Kingdom
Kingdom: Protista
Phyla: Algae, Protozoan, Slime mold
ex: Algae, amoeba, paramecium, rotifers
Kingdom: Protista
• Amoeba
Protist
• Kingdom: __________
Protozoan
• Phylum: ___________
Pseudopods
• Engulfs food and moves using __________
Intracellular
• Carries out __________digestion
Chemical
• Uses Lysosomes to carry out ________digestion.
membrane
•Cell
________
is semi permeable.
cytoplasmic streaming.
• Cyclosis is aka known as __________
Contractile
Vacuole push excess water out of
• ________
__________
cell.
Kingdom: Protista
• Phylum:
• Amoeba
Kingdom: Protista
• Phylum: Protozoan
• Amoeba
Nucleus
Food
vacuole
Plasma
membrane
ectoplasm
Endoplasm
Contractile
vacuole
Pseudopod
cytoplasm
Phagocytosis: the taking in of solid
materials using Pseudopods.
• This is an amoeba
ingesting a
paramecium.
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Protozoan
Ingestion: Phagocytosis
Cyclosis-AKA Cytoplasmic Streaming
a type of Intracellular circulation occurring inside a cell,
in which there is a streaming motion of the cytoplasm.
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Protozoan
THE PARAMECIUM
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Protozoan
Paramecium
feeding on Algae,
Kingdom: Protista
•
•
•
•
Paramecium
Protist
Kingdom: __________
Protozoan
Phylum: ___________
Engulfs food and moves using thousands of
Cilia
__________
intracellular
• Carries out __________digestion
chemical
• Uses Lysosomes to carry out ________digestion.
Membraneis semi permeable.
•Cell
________
cytoplasmic streaming.
• Cyclosis is aka known as __________
Contractile
vacuole
• ________
__________
push excess water out of
Kingdom: Protista
• Phylum:Protozoan
• Paramecium
Posterior
Contractile
vacuole
trichocyst
lysosome
Nucleus
Anterior
Contractile
vacuole
Cilia
cytoplasm
Oral groove
Forming
food
vacuole
Anal
pore
gullet
mouth
Plasma membrane
Micro nucleus
5 kingdoms
Kingdom:Fungi, Rhizopus
*The fungi have often been called the kingdom of __________.
*Lack chlorophyll, they cannot carry on photosynthesis. *These
organisms are heterotrophs.
*They live off of dead and decaying material and are Heterotrophic
saprophytes.
*Fungi live in or on their food supply. The filamentous body of the
bread mold called Rhizoids. The _______ penetrate the food source
and secrete __________ enzymes. Since the enzymes are secreted
outside of the body of the organism __________ digestion is said to
take place. The end products of digestion, Monosaccharides, amino
acids, fatty acids, and glycerols are then absorbed into the bread
mold.
Kingdom:Fungi
•
•
•
•
Fungi
Kingdom: __________
Rhizopus, Bread Mold
extracellular
Carries out __________digestion
Hydrolytic_________to
Enzymes
Uses _________
digests its’
food
The fungi have often been called the kingdom of __________. Because they lack chlorophyll,
they cannot carry on photosynthesis. These organisms are heterotrophs. They live off of
dead and decaying material and are Heterotrophic saprophytes.
Fungi live in or on their food supply. The filamentous body of the bread mold called Rhizoids.
The _______ penetrate the food source and secrete __________ enzymes. Since the
enzymes are secreted outside of the body of the organism __________ digestion is said to
take place. The end products of digestion, Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and
glycerols are then absorbed into the bread mold.
Kingdom:Fungi
Label the following parts below:
• Rhizopus
Sporangia
Spores
Sporangiophore
Stolon
rhizoid
hyphae
Sporangia
Spores
Sporangiophore
Stolon
rhizoid
5 kingdoms
Kingdom: Animalia
Figure
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Coelenterata
When jellyfish travel at unsafe speeds.
Nutrition in Coelenterates, (Cnidarian)
•
•
•
•
•
Animal
Kingdom: __________
Phylum: ___________
Coelenterates
Hollow bodied organisms.
* Coelenterates are known as being ______
Stinging celled organisms. (Cnidaria)
*Also called _______
2 cell layers thick. Each layer is separated
*The hydra is _____
by the ________.
mesoglea
one way digestive tract.
• * Have a _______
• * _______
Every cell is in contact with the environment.
• * The hydra carries out intracellular
________ digestion and
extracellular
________digestion.
Summersaults
• * Move by _______________.
• *Hermaphrodites
Common Polyp form exhibited in by the hydra:
Tentacle
Mouth
Nematocyst
Bud
Hypostome
Testes
Gastrovascular cavity
Ovary)
Endodermic cells
Mesoglea
Ectodermic Cells
Basal Disk (Base)
Hydra: Cross section
Longitudinal Section
and
Cross Section
Hydra Ingesting a Daphnia
The Hydra Budding
Here you can see a photo of a
Hydra with two asexual buds.
Chlorohydra viridissima
Harpoon
Trigger
• Explain how a hydra carries out
both types of digestion.
– Intracellular and Extracellular
Intracellular Digestion
Individual cells ingest by
phagocytosis and break do
daphnia end products
Extracellular Digestion
Cells secrete enzymes into
the GVC
Phylum: Annelids
(Segmented worms)
7. Intestine:
chemical Hydrolysis
+ absorption
1. 2.
3.
4
5
6
7
8
10. 10
Typhlosole:
“enfolding”
8
4.
5.
2.
3.
Gizzard:
Pharynx Esophagus: Crop:
Vacuum peristalsis: Food mechanical
stored in digestion
Action
9
6.
Skin:
Gas
PERMEABLE,
What do we know about the earthworm from
lab
•“CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM”
Dorsal and ventral blood vessels
(located on the intestine)
5 pair of aortic arches
Hemoglobin, red pigmented blood
The real Rulers of the Earth…
Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids, Millipedes
One recent
conservative
estimate puts the
number of arthropod
species in tropical
forests at 6 to 9
million species.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Herbivore: eats plant matter
* Uses salivary hydrolytic enzymes
* Dimorphic
*Tube within a tube body plan
Inner tube: Digestive System
Outer tube: Exoskeleton, muscles
* One way Digestive System
* Extracellular Digestion
Grasshopper
Grasshopper
Giz z ard
Crop
Small Intestine
Pharynx
Esophagus
Rectum
Anus
Esophagus
Pharynx
mouth
salivary glands
Gastric caeca
large Intestine
stomach
Answers
1. Oral Cavity
• salivary glands
Ex: amylase
2. Esophagus
• Connects mouth to stomach
• Peristaltic action of the esophagus
moves food to the stomach
3. Stomach
• Lining of the stomach contains gastric
glands that secrete gastric juice
4. Small Intestine
• Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid
digestion is completed here
• Nutrient absorption occurs in the
small intestine
• Structures like the gall bladder
and pancreas secrete enzymes
into the small intestine for
digestion
4. Small Intestine
Gall Bladder
• Bile is produced in the liver and stored
in the gall bladder
• Bile is secreted by the gall bladder into
the small intestine for emulsification
• Emulsification- the breakdown of fats
Pancreas
• Located near the stomach
• For digestive purposes, the
pancreas secretes:
protease- breakdown of proteins
lipase- breakdown of lipids (fats)
5. Large Intestine
•
•
•
•
Water absorption only
NO nutrient absorption occurs here
Undigested material is known as feces
The large intestine passes the feces into
the rectum
5. (the quest for Polyps)
• Colonoscopy:
5. Large Intestine
( Colon Polyps_)
• Polyps are small growths on the inner colon
lining that look like warts.
5. Removal Colon Polyps_)
6. Rectum
Temporarily stores the feces
7. Anus
Opening through which feces
passes out of the body
(Egestion)
(II) Nutrient Absorption
• Takes place in the small intestine
• Chemical digestion in humans is
accomplished by Hydrolysis and the
use of enzymes
Villus
• Lacteal- absorption of
fatty acids and
glycerol
• Capillary networkabsorption of glucose
and amino acids
Roughage
• Is an indigestible material in
food that provides bulk, which
stimulates the muscles of the
digestive tube and thus keeps
food moving through it.
sources: fruits, vegetables, and
grains.
Lack of roughage in the diet is one
cause of constipation.
Define these Disorders of the Digestive
Tract
1. Anorexia
Nervosa
2. Ulcers
3. Constipation
4. Diarrhea
5. Appendicitis
6. Gallstones
Anorexia Nervosa
• A condition in which there is a severe loss of
weight accompanied by symptoms of
nutritional deficiencies.
• Psychological condition where a person is
unable to take or retain food due to an
excessive concern about obesity
Ulcers
an erosion of the surface of the
digestive tract associated with
pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Constipation
To much water is absorbed
by/in the large intestine.
Also can exist due to lack of
roughage.
Diarrhea
Decreased water absorption and
increased peristaltic activity of
large intestine.
Results in an increased,
multiple, watery feces.
Appendicitis
An inflammation of the appendix.
Usually feces that infects the
appendix.
Appendicitis
Normal
Infected
Gallstones
An accumulation of hardened
cholesterol deposits in the
gall bladder.
Salt regulation in Reptiles
Enough is
enough..
The End
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Has a TUBE w/i a TUBE body plan.
2. Has a 1 way digestive system
3. Feeds on organic material in the soil called HUMUS
4. Skin is PERMEABLE, (allows O2 and CO2 diffusion)
5. Moves using 4 pair of SETAE (per segment)
6. Within the Intestine is the TYPHLOSOLE, its function
is to INCREASE SURFACE AREA for maximum food
absorption.
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida
Genus: Lumbricus Species: terrestris
Notes if you missed it:
* Carries out EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
* Saprophytes feeding on HUMUS
* Esophagus Carries out peristalsis: rhythmic contraction that
pushes food down towards anus
* Food stored in crop
* Gizzard: mechanical digestion
* Intestine: chemical Hydrolysis digestion + absorption
* Typhlosole: “enfolding” inc. surface area
1.Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
* Tube within a tube body plan
Inner tube: Digestive System
Outer tube: Exoskeleton, muscles
* One way Digestive System
* Extracellular Digestion
*Terrestrial- Lives on land
* Jointed Appendages (legs)
* Hard chitinous exoskeleton
* Compound Eyes
Herbivore: eats plant matter
* Uses salivary hydrolytic enzymes
* Dimorphic
Arthropods
Coelenterate Phases
The Stinging Truth
If you were to think of a major marine predator, probably one
of the last creatures to come to mind would be the jellyfish.
Although jellyfish look harmless, they are in fact very efficient
predators.
They are able to stun or kill their prey with stinging cells
called cnidocytes. Each of these cnidocytes contains a tiny
harpoon called a nematocyst that when triggered by touch or
chemicals not only shoots into the prey, but causes the other
cells in the area to activate as well.
A toxin is also released which stuns or kills the food. The
potency of the toxins varies greatly among the different kinds
of jellyfish. That is why some jellyfish, like the sea nettle, are
only annoying and some, like the box jellyfish, are extremely
dangerous if you come into contact with them.
1. What are the two different
phyla names for the hydra?
2. How are those names
derived?