Transcript File - ICS/SPCH 7 Intercultural Communication

CHAPTER 8
The Nonverbal Code
Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication are
messages that do not involve spoken
words, such as messages sent through
body motions, vocal qualities, use of
time, space, artifacts, dress, and even
smell. (p. 269)
How Nonverbal Communication is
used with Verbal Communication
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Complements
Accents
Substitutes
Repeats
Contradicts
Nonverbal vs. Verbal
Communication
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More primitive
Partly unconscious
Informal
Unlearned signals
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Cultural
Requires thought
Formal
Learned symbols
Kinesics
• Body movement--including
gestures, hand/arm movement,
leg movement, facial expressions,
eye gaze, and stance/posture.
Categories of Kinesics
• Emblems—primarily hand gestures with direct literal verbal
translation.
• Illustrators—typically hand and arm movements that
accent/complement what is being said.
• Affect displays—facial expressions of emotion, with
universal and cultural characteristics. (10,000 facial
expressions, p. 279)
• Regulators—behaviors/actions that govern, direct, or
manage conversation. (hand gestures, eye contact,
nodding, etc.)
• Adaptors—actions that satisfy physiological or psychological
needs.
Paralanguage
• Vocal qualities that typically accompany speech.
Two categories:
– Voice qualities
• Examples: pitch, rhythm, tempo, articulation.
– Vocalizations
• Laughing, crying, sighing, snoring.
• Also, Silence is considered paralanguage.
Proxemics
• Perception and use of space.
• Territoriality—physical geographical space.
• Personal space—perceptual or psychological
space.
• Population size and socioeconomic factors
affect perception of space.
Haptics
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Tactile communication; the use of touch.
Opposite sex touch in cultures.
Touch avoidance.
Prohibited touch.
Olfactics
• Sense of smell.
• Humans detect up to 10,000 different
compounds by smell.
• Scent comes from two glands: sebaceous and
apocrine.
• Scent can function as:
– A sex attractant
– A marker for social class distinctions.
Physical Appearance and Dress
• Can communicate age, sex, and status
within culture.
–Masai
–Islamic cultures
–India
Chronemics
• Nonverbal channel of time.
• Monochronic-time.
• Polychronic-time.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
• More distant
• More distant
psychologically.
proximally.
• Suppress affect
• Smile more.
displays.
• More nonverbally • More synchronized
“affiliative” (brings body movements.
people closer)
Power Distance and Nonverbal
Communication
• Low power distance cultures are less
aware of vocalics (eg. noisy,
exaggerated).
• High power distance cultures avert
eye contact more to show respect.
Context and Nonverbal
Communication
• Low-context cultures are more direct
and talkative.
• High-context cultures pay more
attention to nonverbal behavior in
interactions.
Nonverbal Expectancy Violations
Theory
• Premise—people hold expectancies about the
appropriateness of nonverbal behaviors in others.
– These expectancies are learned and culturally driven.
• When violations are committed, arousal is
triggered, and an evaluation is made.
• Evaluation is dependent upon:
– The communicator.
– Implicit messages associated with violation.
– Evaluations of the act.