Transcript Communication

Cross-cultural Communication
《跨文化交际》
适用专业：商务英语、国际贸易、
商务英语翻译专业
http://www.sxtopxy.com.cn/kwhjj/index.html
Unit One:
Language and Culture in
Communication
1 Culture
2
Contents
Cross-cultural Communication
3 Communication
4 Activities
5 Case studies
6 Homework
1. What is culture?
1.People who know about art, music and literature are cultured….
2.To an anthropologist the word
culture means all the ways in which
a group of people act, dress, think,
and feel.
3.People have to learn the cultural ways of their community:
they are not something that the people in the group are born with.
2. Cross-cultural
Communication
Different countries have
different cultures.
Communicating with
people from different culture is called
cross-cultural / intercultural communication.
3.Communication
交流
交际
沟通
Communication
传理
传播
交通
通信
Communication means life and development.
3.1. The Basics of Communication
Communication occurs if:
1. two or more people;
2. contact;
3. a shared language;
4. an exchange of information.
3.1.3 Analysis of language
Artificial language
Human language
verbal
Chinese
nonverbal
Special purpose
symbolic
machine
e.g.: logic
e.g.: computer
non-word soundsbody language
e.g.: Braille
e.g.: sounds uttered
e.g.: gestures, head
to control animals
movements
3.2.Types of Communication
•
•
•
•
•
human communication (人类交际）
animal communication (动物交际）
human-animal communication （人类与动物的交际）
human-machine communication（人机交际）
machine-to-machine communication（机器交际）
3.3. Ways of Communication
Two-way contact: Communicators
can see each other and monitor
each other’s behaviour– direct
communication
One-way contact: communicators
cannot see each other, and hence
cannot monitor each other’s
behaviour– indirect
communication
4. Activities
Activity 1: Instances of Communication
Best example
Yes, but not good
2.You complain to your instructor about your course credits
through telephone.
5. Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille.
6. A German businessman negotiates, through an interpreter,
with his Chinese counterpart.
1.An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering.
3. You send an e-mail message to an American friend.
4.Jane lies in bed reading a novel.
7. A mother talks to her 3-month-old baby.
8. A farmer gives instructions to his ploughing cow.
9. A programmer issues commands to a computer.
None communication 10. Tom talks to himself while flourishing his toy gun.
…
Activity 2:
Models of Communication
Information Model
Source of information
encoder
coder
electric
signals
*channel
*medium
*noise
telephone
line
decoder
retrieval of information
Model One: mono-cultural model
(same language and cultural environment)
shared knowledge:
language &culture
addressee
speaker
Linguistic competence
Communicative skills
Linguistic competence
Communicative skills
speaking
message
interpreting
Mr. Gordon talks with his neighbor Mrs. Lewis about his latest
trip to Spain.
Mr. Gordon says: “The sea beaches are absolutely gorgeous!”
Model Two: unilateral-cultural model
(one knows another’s language and cultural environment
but the other one doesn’t)
Lu Bing ,a Chinese tour guide is talking in English with George Luke, a
British tourist who does not know Chinese at all.
1.Lu Bing has learned George Luke’s _____________ and _____________.
2. This shared _________ makes their communication _____________.
3.Lu Bing activates his English _____________ and exercises his English
________ to generate a message: “This is sweet and sour pork. Try try.”
4. George Luke _________his English competence and __________his English
communicative skills to interpret Lu Bing’s speech.
Model Three: bilateral-cultural model
(people from different cultural background but know
each other’s language and cultural environment)
Prof. Xia:
Would you like to have a cup of coffee?
Prof.Graham: Should I reply in English way or Chinese way?
Prof. Xia:
In English way.
Prof.Graham: Then,yes.
Prof. Xia:
Tea in English way as well?
Prof.Graham: No,in Chinese way this time.
Prof. Xia:
Jolly good.You’ve saved me. Just out of milk.
Prof.Graham: (starts laughing)
Activity 3:
Meanings in communication
Utterance meaning: what it normally means.
Speaker’s meaning: the meaning the speaker wants
to convey.
Hearer’s meaning: the meaning the hearer has
understood.
Activity 4:
Communication in Social Situations
A social situation is created when two or more people gather to
do an activity or fulfill a purpose. Its essential components:
two or more participants
definition of the situation and goals
setting
schema
verbal communication
non-verbal communication
time and space
Activity 5
Effective Cross-cultural Communication
How to be a cross-cultural speaker?
1.Calm down and relax.
2.Watch out for bilingual differences in using polite expressions.
3.Use meaningless but useful syllables to gain .
time.
How to be a cross-cultural hearer?
A good listener is a careful but not intense listener , who gets the
message, not every single word.
5.Case studies
Mutual Monitoring Process
Xiu went to a BC buffet reception in the BC headquarters in Beijing. It just so
happened that Xiu arrived a little too early. The waiting lounge was almost
empty except a charming lady sitting at a corner seat. After a long interval of
unbearable silence Xiu decided to break the silence by approaching the lady.
Xiu: I’m Xiu from BFSU. Are you a guest too?
Lady: (stands up) Yes. I’m Lin.
Answer the following Questions:
1. Why did the silence become unbearable to Xiu?
Do you think the charming lady felt the same way?
2. What functions does the verbal communication
fulfil under such circumstances?
3. Do Xiu and Lin behave in the Chinese way or in
the Western Way?
Different Definitions of a Social Situation
A social situation may receive two definitions: one is given by the
community, and the other by the participants.
the community definition=official situation, such as a social
situation of meeting, a social situation of classroom teaching, etc.
I felt exhausted after much sightseeing. I looked for a seat to rest my legs. It
So happened that on the nearby roadside there was a two-person stone chair
With one place already occupied by a charming young girl. I hesitated , but
Still went over. “Is it occupied”？I asked. “No” was the answer. The moment
I sat down, the woman stood up and left. I was a bit hurt by her instant
departure.
6. Homework
Diagnosing Problems in Cross-cultural Communication.
A Chinese student had just arrived at the States. One
day, when he was reading in his room, he heard someone
shouting outside: “ Watch out!” So he went to the window and
stretched out his head and tried to find out what’s going on
outside. Just then, his head was right poured by the water from
above…
Question: Would you please analyze the saying “ Watch out”
with the three meanings in communication?
Key to the question:
1. Utterance meaning: Be careful!
2. Speaker’s meaning: Don’t pull out !
3. Hearer’s meaning:
Something is happening! Look out!