Transcript Judgment and Morals

Communication
 Communication
is a continuous, transactional process involving
participants who occupy different but overlapping environments
and create relationships through the exchange of messages,
many of which are affected by external, physiological and
psychological noise (Adler et aI., 2001, p. 13).
 What
are the purposes of communication?
 Physical
 Identity Needs
 Social Needs
 Practical Goals
Examples
Physical
Identity
Social
Needs -
Needs -
Practical
Goals -
Different means of communication?
Verbal (communication) – refers to the ways in
which people communication, intentionally with
words.
Nonverbal
(communication) –refers to the ways
in which people communicate, intentionally or
unintentionally, without words, such as:
What
are some communication misconceptions?
What are the characteristics of effective
communicators?
What are the characteristics of ineffective
communicators?
 Judgement:
is how we perceive people, how we form
impressions about them and how we think about social things.
 Give
an example:

Misjudgments are the basis of prejudice and discrimination.

Impressions: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone,

There are (2) concepts that are involved in forming impressions filtering and inference
especially one formed without conscious thought or on the basis of little
evidence.
With respect to filtering, people tend to ignore much of what they
see. With inference, people tend to go beyond the evidence in front
of them and complete the picture that they filtered or did not see.
Judging & Forming
Opinions
Judging & Forming Opinions
Discrimination
 the
unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of
people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
Racism
 The
belief that all members of each race possess characteristics
or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as
inferior or superior to another race or races.
Prejudice
 preconceived
opinion that is not based
on reason or actual experience.
Sexism
 prejudice,
stereotyping, or discrimination,
typically against women, on the basis of
sex.
Ageism
 prejudice
or discrimination on the basis of
a person's age.
Abelism
 discrimination
people.
in favor of able-bodied
Stereotype
a
widely held but fixed and oversimplified
image or idea of a particular type of
person or thing.
Privilege
a
special right, advantage, or immunity
granted or available only to a particular
person or group of people.
Ethnocentrism
 belief
in the superiority of one's own
ethnic group.
Eurocentrism
 belief
in the pre-eminence of Europe and
the Europeans. Belief that all European
customs, beliefs, values, and traditions are
dominant.
Comparison
 Minority
 the
smaller number
or part, esp. a
number that is less
than half the whole
number.
 Majority
 the
greater
number.
Friday, December 12th –
20’s Exam (Motivation,
Emotions, Communication,
Cultural Interactions,
Interpersonal Relationships,
Self-Concept/Esteem)
Friday, December 12th –
30’s Exam (Middle
Childhood &
Adolescence)
How do we act and
interact in social
situations?
How do we act and interact in social situations?
 There
are several societal influences on our thoughts, feelings
and behaviour:
 Social
norms: Rules that regulate human life, including social
conventions, explicit laws and implicit cultural standards.
 Example:
 Imitation:
Probably the most powerful social influence on our
behaviour and attitudes is the behaviour of other people.
Example:
 Social
facilitation: Increased activity
resulting from the presence of another
person.
Example:
 Social
loafing: Decreased activity
resulting from the presence of another person.
Example:
• Reciprocity: The tendency to pay back favours others have
done for us. Reciprocity does not require that the ‘favour" be
initially requested or even wanted.
Example:
• Commitment: Once people commit themselves by making a
decision and acting on it, they are reluctant to renounce their
commitment. Commitment increases people's compliance even
when the reason for the original commitment is removed.
 Example:
 Attractive
people: One of the reasons
people tend to comply with the requests of
attractive people is that they want to be
liked by attractive people; in their minds,
being liked by attractive people makes
them more desirable, too. People tend to
emphasize their associations with attractive
and important people.
 Example:
•
Authority (also, sexy authority): People
tend to comply with the requests of
people in authority and to be swayed by
their persuasive arguments, and such
obedience is generally approved by
society.
 Example:
Interpersonal Relationships Ppt.
(4) Components of Self-Concept
1)
Self-Concept is defined as the sum of feelings , beliefs
and impressions that individuals have of themselves-the
self perceiving themselves.
2)
Self Esteem refers to the extent to which we like accept
or approve of ourselves or how much we value
ourselves. Self esteem always involves a degree of
evaluation and we may have either a positive or a
negative view of ourselves.
Influences on Self-Concept
 Internal
 External
3) Ideal Self
(what you'd like to be)
 If there is a mismatch between
how you see yourself (e.g. your
self image) and what you’d like
to be (e.g. your ideal self ) then
this is likely to affect how much
you value yourself.
 A person’s ideal self may not be
consistent with what actually
happens in life and experiences
of the person. Hence, a
difference may exist between a
person’s ideal self and actual
experience. This is called
incongruence.
4) Self-Efficacy
 One’s
expectations of success in a given
situation. Each day, we make many decisions
based on our perceptions of the extent to
which our actions will produce reinforcement.
Our actions are based on our evaluations of
our competency. Moreover, self-efficacy not only determines
whether we will engage in a particular behaviour, it also
determines the extent to which we will maintain that behavior
in the face of adversity.
HIGH SELF ESTEEM i.e. we have a positive view of ourselves. This tends
to lead to
 Confidence in our own abilities
 Self acceptance
 Not worrying about what others think
 Optimism
LOW SELF ESTEEM i.e. we have a negative view of ourselves. This tends
to lead to
 Lack of confidence
 Want to be/look like someone else
 Always worrying what others might think
 Pessimism
(4) major factors that influence self esteem
 1)
THE REACTION OF OTHERS. If people admire us, flatter us, seek out
our company, listen attentively and agree with us we tend to
develop a positive self-image. If they avoid us, neglect us, tell us
things about ourselves that we don’t want to hear we develop a
negative self-image.
 2)
COMPARISON WITH OTHERS. If the people we compare ourselves
with (our reference group) appear to be more successful, happier,
richer, better looking than ourselves we tend to develop a negative
self image BUT if they are less successful than us our image will be
positive.
 3)
SOCIAL ROLES. Some social roles carry
prestige e.g. doctor, airline pilot, TV.
presenter, premiership footballer and this
promotes self-esteem. Other roles carry
stigma. E.g. prisoner, mental hospital patient,
refuse collector or unemployed person.
 4)
IDENTIFICATION. Roles aren’t just “out
there.” They also become part of our
personality i.e. we identity with the positions
we occupy, the roles we play and the groups
we belong to.
How can we improve our self esteem?
Social Influence, Obedience & Conformity