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Role play in research Corlia van Vuuren March 2011 Qualitative research methods • Interviews • Focus groups • Projective techniques • • • • • • • Word association Sentence completion Story completion Cartoon test Thematic apperception tests Role playing Third-person technique http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_marketing_research What is role play? Someone “takes the role of a person affected by an issue and studies the impacts of the issues on human life and/or the effects of human activities on the world around us from the perspective of that person” http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/roleplaying/ Types of role play • Individual role play • Interactive role play http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/roleplaying/ Role play in research Applied in (among others): • • • • • Nursing Education (research methodology) Education (issues) Medicine (e.g. communication, emergency care) Organisational research http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4256/is_n2_v19/ai_14561085/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2312918 http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/singapore07/procs/vallack-poster.pdf http://doc.utwente.nl/61471/1/role-play_approach.pdf http://www.asmemesa.org/IJICS/files/55/4.EMS0903-NEW.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/6/51 Role play in research Applied in (among others): • • • • • Nursing Education (research methodology) Education (issues) Medicine (e.g. communication, emergency care) Organisational research http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4256/is_n2_v19/ai_14561085/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2312918 http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/singapore07/procs/vallack-poster.pdf http://doc.utwente.nl/61471/1/role-play_approach.pdf http://www.asmemesa.org/IJICS/files/55/4.EMS0903-NEW.pdf http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/6/51 Aims of role play in research To collect data on: • Beliefs • Attitudes • Behaviour Weaknesses of role play in research • People won’t necessarily act as they say • “Removed” from reality Specific focus points of role play in research • “Intended behaviour can reveal a great deal about people’s beliefs regarding the norms that regulate behaviour” • “Perceived roles and rules that regulate behaviour is a potentially valuable source of information that can be used to understand naturally observed social phenomena” • “By asking research participants to play themselves, or another, we can learn a great deal about the way social rules are perceived” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4256/is_n2_v19/ai_14561085/pg_3/?tag=content;col1 Major purposes for role playing research • “Describing the attitudes and/or behaviours of people in an organizational setting” • “examining the basic human processes of perception, judgment, or cognition” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4256/is_n2_v19/ai_14561085/pg_3/?tag=content;col1 Example 1 J Adv Nurs. 1990 Feb;15(2):180-6. Role-playing as a method in nursing research. Maerker M, Lisper HO, Rickberg SE. School of Nursing, Uppsala University, Sweden. Abstract This report describes a way in which role-playing can be applied in nursing research. The questions investigated were how much the memory capacity is influenced by different methods of providing information, and in what manner objective and comprehensive information about a disease with all its possible consequences is experienced by the recipient. To elucidate these questions, 48 healthy persons imagined that they had a chronic disease. The study was arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial design, the factors being group information versus individual information about the disease, and provision of the whole information at once versus division of the information into three parts separated by 15 minutes. The information was given orally and a structured interview was consequently conducted. After 1 week the subjects were telephoned and were asked to tell the investigator what they remembered about the disease. The results showed that the amount and type of information recalled was not affected by the way in which it was given. The information in itself, however, had the effect of making the subjects calmer. Several parallels between the results of the role-playing study and observations in patients demonstrate that role-playing provides useful knowledge and should be applied to a greater extent in nursing research. PMID: 2312918 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2312918 Example 2 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT CONTROL AND SYSTEMS VOL.11, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2006，218-228 Role-Playing Exercise – A Real-Time Approach to Study Collaborative Command and Control Jiri TRNKA and Johan JENVALD AbstractDuring emergency response, emergency management and its command and control system are particularly challenged as the responding taskforce puts countermeasures in place intensively and dynamically. To respond effectively these countermeasures are typically coordinated through collaborative work of commanding staff. Information seeking, communication, and data sharing are essential elements of this collaborative command and control work. The traditional research methods used in command and control research do not always allow researchers to fully investigate these elements of collaborative work. In this paper, we describe the role-playing exercise, a real-time approach combining role-playing games and emergency management exercises, for studying collaborative command and control, particularly during improvisation and adaptation work. We also describe the practical application of the role-playing exercise approach in the ALFA-05 research study. This is followed by a discussion on methodological lessons learned from this study. This includes simulation realism and control, ecological and communication settings, and data collection. Our experience suggests that the role-playing exercise approach can be considered as a feasible method for research studies, where interaction and communication of commanding staff are in focus. http://www.asmemesa.org/IJICS/files/55/4.EMS0903-NEW.pdf Example 3 Analysis of role-play in medical communication training using a theatrical device the fourth wall Torild Jacobsen*1, Anders Baerheim1, Margret Rose Lepp2 and Edvin Schei1 Abstract Background: Communication training is a central part of medical education. The aim of this article is to explore the positions and didactic functions of the fourth wall in medical communication training, using a role-play model basically similar to a theatrical performance. Method: The empirical data stem from a communication training model demonstrated at an international workshop for medical teachers and course organizers. The model involves an actress playing a patient, students alternating in the role of the doctor, and a teacher who moderates. The workshop was videotaped and analyzed qualitatively. Results: The analysis of the empirical material revealed three main locations of the fourth wall as it moved and changed qualities during the learning session: 1) A traditional theatre location, where the wall was transparent for the audience, but opaque for the participants in the fiction. 2) A "timeout/reflection" location, where the wall was doubly opaque, for the patient on the one side and the moderator, the doctor and the audience on the other side and 3) an "interviewing the character" location where the wall enclosed everybody in the room. All three locations may contribute to the learning process. Conclusion: The theatrical concept 'the fourth wall' may present an additional tool for new understanding of fiction based communication training. Increased understanding of such an activity may help medical teachers/course organizers in planning and evaluating communication training courses. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6920-6-51.pdf Possible phases of role play • Define objectives • Choose context and roles • Introducing the exercise/scenario • Role play • Feedback/Assessment http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/roleplaying/howto.html Further reading http://journalofroleplaying.org/ Practical Create a role-play research project in Physiotherapy. Questions