Transcript Communication Training

Communication Training
Chapter 2
Perry C. Hanavan, Au.D.
Communication Training
 Instruction provided to a person with a
hearing loss to maximize his or her
communication potential
Belonging, Independence,
Mastery, Generosity
 “For successful conversation between any
two people, there must be mutual interest,
cooperation, and sensitivity. For
successful conversation between a normalhearing person and a hearing impaired
partner, the same basic requirements exist.
Greater time, effort, and awareness may be
required, however, to reach the same level
of understanding.”
NP Erber, 1993, p 109
Communication Strategy
A course of action taken to enhance
communication
– facilitate
– repair
Conversation
Sharing ideas
Relating experiences
Telling stories
Expressing needs
Instructing
Influencing
Establishing intimacy
Rules of Conversation
Agree to share one another’s interests
Ensure all share in talking
Participate in topic
Take turns talking
Relevant topic discussion
Succinct messages
Dr. Sam Trychin
Hearing Loss Characteristics
Disrupted turn taking
Modified speaking style
Inappropriate topic shifts
Superficial content
Frequent clarification
Classes of Strategies
Facilitative
instructing, structuring
Repair
specific tactics
Reception of Messages
Talker
Message
Environment
Listener
Facilitative Strategies
Strategies that influence the talker
– instructional strategies
• the listener asks the talker to change the
delivery of the message (assertive)
– slow down
– it is difficult to lipread you when you cover
your mouth
– could you face me
Facilitative Strategies
Strategies that influence the message
– Message-tailoring strategies
• phrasing remarks to constrain a response of a
speaker
– Did you go fishing or boating?
– Are you afraid of snakes?
Facilitative Strategies
Strategies that influence the environment
– Constructive strategies
• tactic designed to optimize the listening
environment for communication
– Let’s go into the living room to talk
– Let’s sit where it is more quiet
– Let’s step over here where there is more
light
Facilitative Strategy
Strategies that influence reception
(listener)
– Adaptive strategies
• methods of counteracting maladaptive
behaviors that stem from hearing loss
– relax
– taking a deep breath
Facilitative Strategy
Strategies that influence reception
(listener)
– Attending strategies
• methods of counteracting maladaptive
behaviors that stem from hearing loss
– watch the speaker’s lips
– focus on the speaker
Facilitative Strategy
Strategies that influence reception
(listener)
– Anticipatory strategies
• methods of preparing for a communication
interaction
– observant of situation clues
– makes predictions about message
– predicts speakers style
Facilitative Strategies
Talker
Message
Environment
Listener
Instructional
Tailoring
Constructive
Adaptive
Strategy
Message
Strategy
Attending
Strategy
Anticipatory
Strategy
Instructional Strategies
Worksheet (Talker)
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Tailoring (Message) Strategy
 ________________________________
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Constructive Strategies
(Environment)
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
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Adaptive, Attending, Anticipatory
Strategies (Listener)
 __________________________________
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Repair Strategies
Communication breakdown
– when one communication
partner speaks a message and
the communication partner
does not recognize the
message
Detecting Communication
Breakdown
Choose Course of
Action
Use Repair
Strategy
Disregard
Utterance
Bluff
Repair Strategies
Receptive repair strategy
– tactic used by the listener (with hearing loss)
when the message presented by a
communication partner is not understood
Expressive repair strategy
– strategy used to rectify a communication
breakdown that occurs because the person with
a hearing loss (speaker) produces an
unintelligible utterance
Specific Receptive Repair
repeat all or part of message
indicate the topic of conversation
rephrase message
elaborate message
simplify the message
confirm the message
write
fingerspell
Nonspecific Expressive Repair
What
Huh
Pardon
Six Basic Principles of
Conversational Repair
 ONE: Use of requests for clarification improves understanding between
conversational partners (e.g., Tye-Murray, Purdy, Woodworth & Tyler,
1990).
 TWO: Specific training in the use of repair strategies is effective (TyeMurray, 1991).
 THREE: Some requests for clarification are considered specific, or
contingent (e.g., requests for confirmation) whereas others (e.g., neutral
queries) are considered non-specific, or non-contingent (see, Table 2).
 FOUR: Contingent requests for clarification are more likely to sustain
interaction over multiple turns than non-contingent requests (Kenworthy,
1984).
 FIVE: Strategies that elicit rephrasing by the speaker are more likely to
repair the communication breakdown (Gagne & Wyllie, 1989).
 SIX: Requests for specific clarification are viewed more favorably by the
speaker than non-specific requests (Gagne, Stelmacovich, & Yovetich,
1991; Caissie & Gibson, 1997). In other words, both interactants
communicate more effectively when more specific, or contingent, repair
strategies are employed. (Kenworthy)
Bilingual Children and Repair
When using sign, greater diversity in repair strategies were used.
Most, T. (2003). The use of repair strategies: bilingual deaf children using sign
language and spoken language. American Annals of the Deaf. 148:4, 308-314.
Hard of Hearing Person
Implementing Repair
Adjacency pairs: linked speaking turns
 nonspecific repair
strategy request for
information repair
strategy confirmation
repair strategy-
 message repetition
response
 provide
information
response
 feedback response
Conversational Styles
Passive conversational style
– withdraws, bluffs, avoids
Aggressive conversational style
– hostile, belligerent, bad attitude
– blames others
– denies, dominates, interrupts
Assertive conversational style
– takes responsibility for managing communication
– respects the rights of their communication partner
– openly and honestly expresses needs and emotions
Communication Style
Assertive
Passive
Aggressive
Least stressful
Faces problems
Gains respect of others
Claims rights; is
respectful of others'
rights
Makes own choices
Possesses selfconfidence
Stress-producing
Avoids problems
Allows self to be
manipulated by
others
Gives up rights
Lets others choose
Lacks self-confidence
Stress-producing
Blames or attacks
others instead of
solving problems
Takes advantage of
others, is often
feared and avoided.
Disregards others'
rights
Chooses activities for
others
Often hostile,
demanding, and
egotistical
Communication Style
Communication Behaviors
Interactive
– assertive communication style
Non-Interactive
– passive communication style
Dominating
– aggressive communication style
Dr. Sam Trychin
Assignment
 During the next two days:
1. analyze your communication behavior
2. analyze 2 people you communicate with
daily and determine their style
3. select the communication style you prefer
others use
4. Read: A Conversational Approach to Aural
Rehabilitation