Transcript Asia in Transition - Polk School District

Asia in Transition
Chapter 17
THE QING
DYNASTY
Founding the Qing Dynasty
Prior to the 1600s, the Ming Dynasty was in
control of China.
 In the early 1600s a chieftain named Nurhachi
unified many tribes into a single group called
the Manchu.
 Nurhachi’s son captured eastern Mongolia
and Korea and started a new dynasty – the
Qing Dynasty.

Economy Under the Qing Dynasty
China’s economy continued to grow during
the Qing dynasty.
 Qing rulers begin to require certain regions
to specialize in producing certain goods.

◦ Specialize – to focus on production of one good
instead of producing all goods.
Traders transported goods along canals,
rivers, and coastal waterways.
 Caravans also carried tea and silk to Central
Asia and Russia.

Society in the Qing Dynasty
Most people lived in the country and farmed
crops like rice, wheat, tea, peanuts, sweet
potatoes, and tobacco.
 As cities grew, the people living in the cities
depended on the clothing and crops from the
country.
 The growth of cities led to the rise of popular
culture – a shared set of values and
preference of a group of people.

Society in the Qing Dynasty
Society was based on the family.
 Believed that each person had a role in life.

◦ Men – directed the activities of the whole family
◦ Women – married and went to live with the
husband and his family.
Decline of the Qing Dynasty
China’s population grew quickly under the
Qing Dynasty.
 The growing population put pressure on the
government to meet the needs of the people.
 Corruption was widespread in the
government and many government officials
would demand bribes in return for
government assistance.

Decline of the Qing Dynasty
The government raised taxes but did not do
enough to help the peasant class.
 In 1796, members of a Buddhist cult started a
revolt – called the White Lotus Rebellion.

◦ The government was able to regain control, but
the rebellion seriously weakened the dynasty.

Rebellions continued throughout the 1800s
and caused the dynasty to come to an end.
CHINA &
THE BRITISH
The British Come to China
During the late 1600s, the British established
a trading post in China.
 The British came to China to buy silk and tea.

◦ The Chinese placed harsh restrictions on British
traders – could only trade in one city, had to stay
in that city when you came to trade.
◦ In the late 1700s, new ideas over free trade led to
a change in relationship between the two
countries.

The British East India Company monopolized
the tea trade in China.
The British – Free Trade Ideas

The concept of free trade developed in the
west as a reaction to mercantilism.
◦ Free trade – trade between nations without
additional costs or restrictions.
◦ Mercantilism – the idea that there is only so much
wealth in the world, and to gain wealth a country
might have to take some wealth from another
country.

The British wanted free trade in China and
want to end the British East India Company’s
monopoly on the tea trade.
The British – Free Trade Ideas
The British government began to debate the
idea of free trade because it wanted to open
up other markets for British goods.
 The British government asked the Chinese to
open up additional ports in other cities, but
the Chinese refused.
 In 1833 the British abolished the British East
India Company’s monopoly on the tea trade
and caused the business to lose its power.

The British – Opium Trade
The British had originally traded cotton for
tea in China.
 There was a limited Chinese demand for
cotton, but the British demand for tea kept
growing.

◦ The British had to find a new product to trade for
tea – they chose opium.

The Chinese people became addicted to the
opium and too much of China’s money was
flowing out of the country.
The British – Opium Trade
The Chinese government became concerned
over how much wealth was leaving China to
Great Britain.
 The Chinese government demanded that the
sale of opium end, and that all opium on ships
already in China be turned over to the
Chinese government.

The Opium Wars
The British government did not agree with
China’s demands for the end of the opium
trade.
 The Chinese tried to forcibly stop the trade
which caused a war to break out.

◦ This became known as the Opium War.
The Opium War lasted from 1839 to 1842.
 The British easily defeated the Chinese with
their navy.

◦ This caused the Chinese to renegotiate the terms
of the opium trade.
The Opium Wars

The Treaty of Nanjing was a compromise
between the British and the Chinese to end
the Opium War.
◦
◦
◦
◦

China gave the island of Hong Kong to the British
Opened 5 ports to British ships
British goods would be taxed, but at a low rate
Established the idea of extraterritoriality – when
traveling to a foreign country, people were subject
to the laws of their home country, not the country
they were visiting.
This greatly benefited the British because they
had no obligations under the treaty.
REBELLION
The Taiping Rebellion
In 1850, a man name Hong Xiuquan started a
rebellion in China.
 He said that he was going to start a new
dynasty called Taiping.

◦ Said the dynasty would be one that existed in
peace.
◦ Attracted many followers who were tired of the
war in China.

The rebellion killed millions of people,
destroyed cities and farmlands, and seriously
weakened the Qing Dynasty.
JAPAN & THE
TOKUGAWA
SHOGUNS
Founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate
In 1467 rival branches of the Ashikaga family
became involved in a dispute over who should
be the next shogun – Japanese word for
leader or ruler.
 The dispute started almost 100 years of war
in Japan.
 In the late 1500s, three daimyo won this long
struggle and established the centralized feudal
system in Japan.

◦ Daimyo – powerful territorial lord in Japan
Oda Nobunaga
The first overlord in Japan’s new government
was Oda Nobunaga.
 He used conquests and alliances to capture
the city of Kyoto in 1568.
 In 1573 he ended the Ashikaga shogunate and
started to increase his power in Japan.
 In 1582 he was attacked by one of his own
people and committed suicide because he was
badly wounded.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi
The second overlord was Toyotomi
Hideyoshi.
 He was the leader of Oda Nobunaga’s army &
took over when he died.
 Forced other diamyo to pledge their loyalty
to him and decreased the size of their
territory.
 Invaded Korea, but were pushed back by the
Korean army.
 Died in 1598, and the Japanese left Korea and
returned to Japan.

Tokugawa Ieyasu
The third and most powerful overlord was
Tokugawa Ieyasu.
 Established the capital of Japan in present-day
Tokyo.
 Defeated other diamyo who wanted power,
but let them keep their land.
 His family would keep control of Japan for
almost 250 years.

◦ This marks the start of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Tokugawa Rule

The political system under the Tokugawa was
a mix of feudalism and a central monarchy.
◦ Each diamyo ruled his territory as an absolute
ruler.
◦ Peasants paid taxes to support the diamyo.
◦ Had a strong central government that brought
stability to Japan.
◦ Closed the country to foreign influence by banning
most overseas trade, and prohibiting Japanese
citizens from traveling outside the country.
Life in Tokugawa Japan

Society was organized into strict social
classes.
Shogun
Samurai
Peasants
Artisans
Merchants
Life in Tokugawa Japan
A person’s social class was determined by
birth with sons following the occupation of
their father.
 A person was not allowed to move out of the
class they were born into.
 Members of the samurai were encouraged to
study Confucian ideas.
 Schools were established to train young
members of the samurai for their role as
government officials during times of peace.

Change in Tokugawa Japan
 Although
the rulers of Japan
attempted to control society, they
could not prevent economic,
political, and social change.
Change in Tokugawa Japan
 Changes
that occurred included:
◦ Expanded trade
◦ Growth of cities
◦ Rise of popular culture
◦ New art, literature, and theatre
End of Japanese Isolation
 The Tokugawa
shogun’s wanted to keep
Japan isolated so they refused to let
foreign ships into their ports.
 In 1853, President Fillmore sent
Commodore Matthew Perry and a
strong Navy force to negotiate a treaty
with Japan.
 Commodore Perry presented a letter to
the Japanese that encouraged them to
open their borders to American ships.
End of Japanese Isolation
 This created controversy in Japan.
◦ Some leaders wanted to continue isolationism.
◦ Other leaders wanted to accept the American
treaty and open the borders to U.S. ships.

In 1854, Commodore Perry and the shogun
negotiated the terms and drafted the Treaty
of Kanagawa.
◦ Opened 2 ports to U.S. ships.
◦ Opened trade between Japan & U.S.
◦ Allowed the establishment of consulates –
diplomatic offices of foreign governments.
End of Japanese Isolation
 In
1858, the U.S. and Japan negotiated a
new treaty.
◦ Japanese open more ports to the U.S.
◦ Allowed each country to send foreign ministers
into the other
◦ Opened international trade
End of the Tokugawa Shogunate
Many people in Japan were upset by the
treaties.
 They criticized the Tokugawa shogunate for
making these deals with the U.S.
 Civil war broke out in Japan and people called
for major reforms.
 The anti-Tokugawa forces overthrew the
government and established a new one with
more power for the emperor and a stronger
centralized government.
