Transcript Class 10 - Roman Intervention

The Intertestamental
Period: From Babylon
To The Birth Of Christ
Roman Intervention
Announcements
Intertestamental Period
Week
Date
Topic
1
05 Mar 14 Overview
2
12 Mar 14 Babylonian Period (605-539 BC)
3
19 Mar 14 Persian Period (539-332 BC)
4
26 Mar 14 Greek Period (332-323 BC)
5
02 Apr 14 Ptolemaic (323-198 BC)
6
09 Apr 14 Syrian (198-168 BC)
7
16 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 1 (168-153 BC)
8
23 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 2 (153-139 BC)
9
30 Apr 14 Independence (139-63 BC)
10
07 May 14 Rome Intervenes (63 – 37 BC)
11
14 May 14 Herod (37 BC – 4 BC)
12
21 May 14 The IT Period and Christianity (4 BC – 70 AD)
13
28 May 14 Review
Today’s Objectives
• Review last week’s lesson
• Review the various Jewish politico-religious groups
of the time
• Learn about Pompey’s role in the Jewish civil war
• Learn about the rise and fall of Julius Caesar
– Victory over Pompey
– Political decrees which impact Judea
– Caesar’s murder
• Learn how Herod rises from governor of Galilee to a
defeated leader living in Rome
• Learn about Antony and Octavius
Reference Material
• KJV (w/ Apocrypha)
– 1st and 2nd Maccabbees
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Josephus – The Complete Works
Herodotus – The History
Intertestamental History – Mark Moore
Ancient Rome – Simon Baker
Harding University – BNEW 112 Course Notes –
Dr. Thompson
• Intertestamental Period – John Battle
Where we left off….
• Discussed the sons of Mattathias
• Learned about Simon’s leadership and the
alliances he renews with Sparta and Rome
• Learn how John Hyrcanus’ increased the
Israel’s lands
• The Pharisees and Sadducees become
further divided
• Learn about Aristobulus and Jannaeus take
over, in succession
• Jannaeus’ cruelty leads to further civil war
• Roman intervenes in 63 BC
Pharisees
• Chief rival sect was the Sadducees
• Tended to be middle class and open to religious
innovation
• Use of oral legal tradition to supplement the Torah
• Their interpretations, once given, were
scrupulously adhered to
• Emphasis on divine providence (Essene)
• Eventually adopted a belief in existence of spirits
and angels, the resurrection, and the coming of a
Messiah
• However, Pharisees appear as Jesus' most vocal
critics
Sadducees
• Originated mainly from the conservative
and aristocratic priestly class
• Main rival to the Pharisee
• Acceptance only of the Law and rejection of
oral tradition
• Denial of bodily resurrection; immortality of
the soul; existence of a spirit world (Mark
12:18; Luke 20:27; Acts 23:8)
• They opposed the early church (Acts 4:1-4)
• Cease to exist after the temple is destroyed
in 70 AD
Essenes
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Strict discipline, isolation from others
Bible never mentions the Essenes
Credited with writing the Dead Sea Scrolls
Characteristics
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Did not own any private property; shared possessions
They avoided any show of luxury, very simple meals
They wore simple clothes until they hung in shreds
Careful observance of the laws of Moses
Established membership rituals – lasted several years
• Believed that the souls of men were immortal
• Avoided taking part in the services of the Temple
Similar to early Christians
Zealots
• Fanatical Jewish sect militantly opposed the Roman
occupation
• Most fervent Jewish nationalists called themselves
"Zealots"
• Devoted supporters of the Lord and His laws and who
were ready to fight for them
• Like the Pharisees, devoted to the Jewish law and religion
• Unlike most Pharisees, they thought it was treason against
God to pay tribute to the Roman emperor, since God alone
was Israel's king
• Zealots eventually degenerated into a group of assassins
known as Sicarii (Latin, daggermen)
• Their increasing fanaticism was one factor that provoked
the Roman-Jewish war
• The Zealots took control of Jerusalem in 66 AD, led to the
siege of Jerusalem and its fall in 70 AD. The last
stronghold of the Zealots, the fortress of Masada, fell to
the Romans in 73 AD
Roman Rule
• 63 BC – through NT times
• Fourth kingdom predicted by Daniel (Ch 7)
– Different from all the other kingdoms
– Will devour the whole earth
– Ten horns are ten kings who will come from this
kingdom
– After them another king will arise
– He will subdue three kings
– He will speak against the Most High and
oppress his saints
– Try to change the set times and the laws
– The saints will be handed over to him for a
time, times and half a time
Roman Intervention
• Civil war continues for several months
• News of fighting reaches the Roman general
Pompey, who is campaigning in the East
• Pompey had become a very popular field
commander
– Very successful campaign against pirates in the
Mediterranean Sea in 67 BC
– Caesar supports Pompey’s actions
• Pompey moves south to “arbitrate” in Judah
– Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
• 106-48 BC, called Pompey the Great
• Fought with the Optimates, a conservative and
aristocratic faction of the Roman Senate
• Initially a friend, he is later defeated by Caesar
• Sought refuge in Egypt, where he was
assassinated in 48 BC
• Defeated Spartacus in 71 BC
• Took command of the Third Mithridatic War in
modern day Turkey
• Travels to Judea in 63 BC and seizes the
opportunity to control the region
Pompey –The Conquest
• News of the civil war between Hyrcanus II
and Aristobulus II reaches Pompey
– Dispatches an ambassador, orders fight to stop
– It does not, Pompey marches south
• Pompey determines Hyrcanus is a more
politically profitable candidate
– Forces Aristobulus II to surrender
– Ultimately besieges Aristobulus II for three
months in Jerusalum – 12,000 Jews killed
• Pompey does not disrupt the Jewish
worship or religious practices
Results
• Pompey incorporates Palestine into the
Roman province of Syria
– Read Matt 4:24
• Hyrcanus II becomes political leader and
high priest from 63-40 BC
• Samaria gains semi-autonomy, Galilee
remains under Jewish control
• Antipater II becomes district administrator
– A native of Idumaea
– Founder of the Herodian Dynasty
– Father of Herod the Great
Julius Caesar
• Born in 100 BC
• Family caught up in a complex political war
in Rome
• Obtained a Senate seat in 68 BC (at 32)
• Elected Chief Priest in 63 BC
• Nine year Proconsul of Gaul and conquered
much of central Europe – becomes a hero
• Ruled Rome from 60-50 BC with Crassus
(rich Roman), Pompey (war hero) – called a
Triumvirate
• Crassus dies, Pompey becomes rival
Caesar versus Pompey
• Senators are concerned about Caesar’s
popularity
• Orders him to disband army and return
• Refuses, but returns with his Army (49 BC)
• Civil war ensures – Caesar against Pompey
• Defeats Pompey in Greece (48-47 BC)
• Returns to Rome (46 BC)
• Senate appoints him dictator for 10 years
(44 BC) – he has absolute power
• Anitpater II and Hyrcanus II gave valuable
aid to Caesar by sending relief
Caesar’s Political Decrees
• Grants citizenship to people in provinces
outside Rome
• Expands the Senate to 900, making it more
representative of the empire
• Landowners must use 1/3 free men for
workers
• Expands the Roman provinces through
conquest
• Sets up a public works program for jobs
• However, he is killed in 44 BC the same
year begins his rule
Second Triumvirate
• Formed to avenge Caesar’s death (43 BC)
• Ruled for 10 years
– Octavian, grand nephew of Caesar
– Marc Antony, military general
– Lepidus, powerful politician
• Later disbanded, creating another civil war
• Octavian became the sole ruler (emperor)
of Rome
Antipater II, Phasael and Herod
• In gratitude, Caesar appointed Antipater II as
the administrator of Judea (47 BC)
– Under Cassius
• Adds territories to Judea taken from Pompey
• Antipater II appoints his two sons to posts
– Phasael is made governor of Jerusalem
– Herod is made governor of Galilee
• After Caesar is murdered (44 BC), Cassius
seizes control of Judea
• Antipater II is murdered (43 BC)
• Phasael and Harod become joint rulers of
Judea (42 BC)
Marc Antony and Octavian
• Octavian was Caesar’s nephew
• Antony and Octavian defeat Cassius and
Brutus in the battle of Philippi (42 BC)
• Philippi becomes a Roman colony, making
them Roman citizens (Acts 16:12)
• Phasael and Herod switch allegiance to
Antony, who confirms their position
• Parthians invade Palestine
– 40 BC
– Capture and imprison Hyrcanus II and Phasael
– Herod escapes, eventually to Rome
Herod’s Rise
• In Rome, Herod makes a favorable
impression on Octavian and Antony
• Senate appoints him “king of the Jews”
– 40 BC
– Added parts of Samaria and Idumea to his
kingdom
– Only “theoretical” at this time because it was
controlled by the Parthians
• Herod then sets out to retake his kingdom
– Jerusalem falls in 37 BC
– More on that story next week
Review
• Reviewed last week’s lesson
• Reviewed the various Jewish politico-religious
groups of the time
• Learned about Pompey’s role in the Jewish civil war
• Learned about the rise and fall of Julius Caesar
– Victory over Pompey
– Political decrees which impact Judea
– Caesar’s murder
• Learned how Herod rises from governor of Galilee to
a defeated leader living in Rome
• Learned about Antony and Octavius