Transcript Expansion of Rome

Rome: Republic to Empire
Crisis of the Late Republic
The Expanse of the Roman “Republic”
The Rise of Rome and the Fall of the
Republic
Era of the Generals
– Gaius Marius
– Lucius Cornelius
Sulla
– Pompey “Magnus”
– Marcus Licinius
Crassus
First Triumvirate:
Crassus, Pompey, &
Caesar
Private arrangement to
seize power
War’s Effects on Government
Failure of Republican values and institutions
–Military success overcomes civilian values
–133-121 BC: the Gracchi and Populist Reforms
–2nd century BC: Era of Generals
–Rivalry-Sulla versus Marius
–The Social War, 91-87 BC
–Threats to Republican Stability
The Era of the Generals
and the Loss of Republican Ideals
Gaius Marius (157-86 BC)
Client Armies
Social War (91-87 BC)
Dispute over citizenship
Rome wins, but grants rights to
non-Romans
Sulla (138-78 BC)
March on Rome –Consul 88 BC
Civil War 83 BC
Appointed Dictator--82-79 BC
Suppression of Traditional Rights
Proscription (publishing a notice)
Sulla
The Rise of Rome and the Fall of the
Republic
Era of the Generals
– Gaius Marius
– Lucius Cornelius Sulla
– Gnaeus Pompey
– Gaius Julius Caesar
– Marcus Licinius Crassus
– First Triumvirate:
 Crassus, Pompey & Caesar
Great Generals don’t make Great Republics
Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC)
Follower of Sulla
Triumph and Popularity
Eradicates pirates in Mediterranean
70 BC: Consul at only 36 years
Victory in Asia Minor & defeat of Seleucid
Empire by 64 BC
“Stop quoting the laws to us. We carry swords!”
Returns to Rome 62 BC; rebuffed by Senate
Three’s a Crowd

The First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar
(60 BC)

Death of Julia in 54 BC

And then there were two: Crassus killed in 53 BC

“The die is cast”

Julius Caesar’s march on Rome (49) “Crossing the
Rubicon” and civil war (49-45)

Pompey’s Run from Rome and his murder in Egypt in
48 BC
Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul

Surrender of Vercingetorix at Alesia
Caesar’s Sole-rule
48 BC: Self-Appointed Dictator
45 BC:End of Civil War
44 BC: Self appointment for life
“I am not a king”
His Powers and Reforms:
Maintains Republican forms
Public Works, cheap grain
Soldiers’ colonies
Revival of trade: Corinth &
Carthage
Expands citizenship
Forgives enemies (who
become his clients)
Caesar was the first living
individual to have a coin
depicting him
The Ides of March
15 March 44 BC
Conspiracy to
assassinate Caesar led
by Brutus (85-42
B.C.), Caesar’s client
and friend
Death of Caesar, 44 BC
Death of the Republic
Power Struggle
Brutus and Cassius
vs.
Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus
Victory of Second Triumvirate by 42 BC
Victory of Octavian by 30 BC