Transcript Population of Rome

Population of Rome
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5th Century – 120,000 male, adult citizens
4th Century – 160,000
3rd Century – 300,000
1st Century – 900,000
1st Century AD – 4,000,000-7,000,000
133-30 BC – Entrenched Problems
•Latifundia – large estates (and labor problems,
filled by POWs out of Rome’s wars)
•Slave Revolts (134-31, 104-100, 73-71)
•Grain Dole
•Unemployment at Rome
•Italian Allies – Franchise issue
•Large Standing Army – spread around the Mediterranean
•Difficulty of Administrating Empire
e.g. Jugurtha in Numidia/Mithradates in Asia Minor
•Maintenance of Mos Maiorum
Gracchus & Gracchus – Power of
the Tribune
T. *challenged authority of Senate
*appealed to people for support (Populares)
*tried to give franchise to Italians
*redistribution of land (Agrarian Reform)
G. * redistribution of land
* voting rights for Italians
* control price of grain in Rome
* jury pool from Equites (Knights) class
* soldiers clothing bought with public expense
Marius vs Sulla
• Jugurtha, King of Numidia
Massinissa, J’s grandfather
Micipsa, J’s uncle
134 BC Assisted Scipio Aemilianus
112 J & 2 cousins inherit kingship
War with Rome
• Marius (quaestor, Sulla) comes to fore
• Marius in North Africa and Gaul
New Army
Successive consulships
Political efforts
• “Social Wars” 91-88 BC
Sulla is hero and elected consul
• Mithridates in Asia
Sulla given command, but Marius
mingling in politics again with Sulpicius
Rufus
• Sulla recalled from command
• 1st Civil War - Sulla marches on
Rome
• 2nd Civil War – Marius & Cinna march
on Rome
Reign of Terror
• Sulla marches back – takes Rome and
initiates longer Reign of Terror with
PROSCRIPTIONS
• 82-79 BC Sulla holds continuous
dictatorship
Sulla’s Changes
• Military colonies (filled with his veterans)
• Restoration of Senatorial powers
• Weakening of Assembly (requires
Senatorial approval for any legislation)
• Weakening Tribuneship – limited to
intercession
• Reformed judicial system – standing courts
and Senatorial juries
48 years of struggle left Triumvirates
• 1st Triumvirate – Pompey, J. Caesar, Crassus
(60-49 BC)
• 2nd Triumvirate – Octavian, Mark Antony,
Lepidus (43-31 BC)
Power lies with the army.
Octavian left alive.
Pax Augusta