Transcript File - Ash Grove R

Chapter 13
The Cold War
Begins
Lesson 1 : The Origins of the Cold War
Two Super Powers
•
Roosevelt and later Eisenhower and the United States
 Capitalistic Democracy
 Nuclear Weapons
 Pushing For Peace
 Against Communism
 Economic Growth through free trade = Peace
•
Stalin and the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic
(USSR) (Soviets)
 Communism
 Government owns all business and runs all business
 Nuclear Weapons
 Pushing for Reparations and Communistic Europe
 Against Capitalist
 Keep Poland under Soviet Control
Cold War Map
1947-1955
Creating the
United Nations (UN)
•
As WWII was coming to an end the Allied powers set up a
peacekeeping organization to prevent future wars.
•
1944-Delegates from 50 countries
•
Security Council (made of 11 of the 50 countries)
•
5 permanent nations will hold vetoing power (of the 11)
•
UN Response to WWII
 Genocide is a punishable offence
 UN Human Rights Treaty 1945 chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt
 Inherent dignity to every human being
The Yalta Conference
•
February 1945 in Europe
 US, GB, USSR at Yalta
•
Back when Germany took Poland during WWII
the Polish Government fled to Great Britain,
the remaining country set up a new Communist
Government.
 Splitting Poland when it was regained at the end
of the war.
 Split Politics
•
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed to view
the Polish government set up by the Soviets
 Declaration of Liberated Europe
 Peace in Poland
Dividing Germany
•
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed to divide
Germany into four zones
 US, GB, France, USSR each rule ¼
•
Berlin, the Capital city of Germany was split by the
four as well
•
Stalin was determined that Germany pay
reparations caused by WWII to USSR
 US and GB attempted to convince USSR that Germany
could pay reparations with trade goods and product
 The Allies would remove industrial machinery as
reparations
•
USSR was not happy with this
Dividing Germany
Rising Tensions
• Following
the Yalta Conference USSR
pressured the King of Romania to set
up a Communist Party
• US
accused the USSR of violating the
Declaration of Liberty
• 1946-1990
 Confrontation and Competition between
US and USSR
 Communism vs. Capitalism
Truman Takes Control
•
No Appeasement for the Soviets!
•
Potsdam Conference 1945 (near Berlin, Germany)
•
Truman wants to restore Europe
 Industry is critical to the economy
 If economy doesn’t recover the Germans might turn to
Communism
•
Stalin wants repayment from Germany
 Soviet troops begin to take German industrial machines from their
section of divided Germany and Berlin
•
Truman threated use of the US atomic bomb if he did not
agree
 Stalin agreed to leaving some of Germany’s machines if US, GB
and France gave the Soviets from their areas
Iron Curtain
•
Communism spread through Eastern Europe
•
Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and
Czechoslovakia
 Satellite nations
•
Capitalistic Western Europe
•
Iron Curtain Speech
 Fulton, MO by Winston Churchill
Chapter 13
The Cold War
Begins
Lesson 2: The Early Cold War Years
Containing Communism
• American
Embassy leader in Russia, George
Kenann reported back to the US about the
Russian/communistic disposition.
 Kenann proposed that throughout the
Cold War the Allies should contain
Russia because the Russian system had
major economic and political weakness.
 If the US could keep the Soviet Union from
expanding their power it would only be a
matter of time before their system would
fall apart
 Beating Communism without War
Crisis in Iran
•
1946 Spring and Summer
•
Soviets kept soldiers in Iran after WWI
 Americans had pulled their soldiers
 Soviets wanted Iran’s oil
 Soviets wanted a communist government
•
US pressured the Soviets to stand down and
return to Russia with the use of the USS
Missouri in the East Mediterranean Sea
 The Soviets stood down.
 Containment worked.
The Truman Doctrine
•
August 1946
•
Frustrated in Iran, Stalin turned to Turkey
 Soviets wanted a vital port from the Black Sea (in Turkey)
that lead to the Mediterranean Sea
 This appeared to the US as a ploy for the Soviets to control
the Middle East
 The USS Missouri and new aircraft, the FDR was called
upon to show force against the Russians (more threats)
•
Meanwhile GB was attempting to help Greece who
was at civil war over Communism
 Communist Greece posing guerilla warfare against
Capitalistic Greece
 GB Could no longer support the economic side of battle and
asked the US for help
•
Truman Doctrine- aid those who worked to resist
being controlled by others. Pledged the US to fight
the spread of Communism world wide.
The Marshall Plan
• June
1947
• European
Recovery Plan
 Billions of dollars in supplies, machinery, and
food into Western Europe
 The region's recovery weakened the appeal of
communism and opened new markets for trade.
 Essential for containment
 Truman proposed assistance for underdeveloped
countries outside the war zone
• Four
Point Plan would aid these countries
with scientific advances and industrial
progress
The Berlin Airlift
•
1948 GERMANY SPLIT! W and E Germany
•
After Germany had been divided by the Allies
after WWII France, Great Britain and the US
chose to merge their sides of Germany to help
the economy recover.
 This became known as West Germany or the Federal
Republic of Germany
 Soviets began to blockade and Western Europe
was out of supplies
 Truman airlifted supplies to support Germany
instead of sending Troops to avoid war
 The Blockade was lifted a year later
 This was a symbol that America was containing
communism
NATO
• April
1949
• Berlin
Blockade convinced Americans that
the Soviets were bent on conquest
• Mutual
defense alliance including 12
countries
 US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium,
Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands,
Luxembourg and Iceland
 NATO members agreed to come to the aid of any
member who was attacked.
 For the fist time Americans had committed to
maintaining peace in Europe
 Six years later West Berlin joined NATO
In 1983, NATO claimed to
have within Western Europe:
•
1,986,000 ground force troops
•
90 divisions
•
20,722 main battle tanks
•
2,080 anti-tank guided weapon launchers
•
182 submarines
•
385 anti-submarine submarines
•
314 capital ships (carriers, cruisers etc)
•
821 Other naval craft
•
4,338 fighter aircraft
•
6869 anti-aircraft guns and surface to air missiles.
•
THE WARSAW PACT-USSRs version of NATO
US Allies with Japan over
China…wait…why?!
•
Prior to WWII China was at a civil war
 Communist forces lead by Mao Zedong
 Nationalists forces lead by Chiang Kai-shek
 which was postponed to work against Japan
•
Mid 1940s America sent money to support the
Nationalists to try to keep the communistic
tendencies low
 By 1949 American aid stopped when Chinese
Nationalists were defeated and fled to modern day
Taiwan
•
Now that China had fallen to Communism
the US allied with Japan to continue its
industrial economy
Rise of the Korean War
The Korean War
•
At the end of WWI American and Soviet forces
entered Korea to disarm the Japanese at the
38th Parallel of Latitude
 Soviet Troops controlled the North
 American Troops controlled the South
 At the start of the Cold war there was talks to
reuniting Korea
 Both N Communist and S Capitalist governments
claimed Korea
 Border clashes were common
•
June 25, 1950 N Korean Troops invaded the
South
 Truman ordered naval and air power into action to
CONTAIN communistic expansion
 UN Troops and General MacArthur from the
Philippines sent to Korea and pushed back the
Northern invasion
Inchon Landing, Korea
•
September 15, 1950
•
MacArthur ordered a daring invasion against
the North Koreans.
 This took the N Koreans by surprise
 Within weeks they were back across the 38th Parallel
 Truman ordered MacArthur to continue north to the
Chinese border
•
CHINA ENTERS THE WAR
 Communist China pushes Allies and Macarthur back
to the 38th Parallel
 Angry MacArthur wants to use stronger force and go
to war with China
•
TRUMAN FIRES MACARTHUR
 Truman does not war, he wants containment
Armistice Ends Fighting
•
By Mid 1950 UN Forces pushed China and N Korea back
north of the 38th Parallel
 The war settled into small battles over local objectives
•
1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower takes presidency
 Eisenhower hints that Atomic Bombs are headed to Korea if
the war does not come to a close
•
A Demilitarized zone (DMZ) separated North and South
Korea
 There has never been a peace treaty to end the war
 More than 33,600 American Soldiers died in action
 20,600 died from disease
•
The Korean War was a Turning Point in the Cold War
 1954 America signs a defense agreement with Japan, South
Korea, Taiwan, The Philippines and Australia forming the
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
 US turns from Economic Aid to Military Aid
Chapter 13
The Cold War
Begins
Lesson 3: The Cold War and American Society
A New Red Scare
•
1945
•
Rumors of a Communistic takeover!
•
Igor Gouzenko defected from the Soviet Embassy in
Ottawa, Canada
•
Had documents stating the soviets were seeking
info on atomic bomb
•
Americans understood this as a threat that SPIES
had infiltrated the American government
•
Subversion- effort to weaken a society and
overthrow its government
Truman Loyalty Review
Program
• 1947
•A
screen for all federal employees
• Screened
US
employed for a loyalty to the
• The
FBI scrutinized 14,000+ ppl and
212 were fired because they were
suspicious
• No
real evidence
HUAC and Anti-Communist
Investigations
•
House Un-American Committee- formed in 1938
•
FBI Director: J Edgar Hoover pushed for public
hearings on Communist subversion to expose not
just Communists but also “Communist
sympathizers” and “fellow travelers”
 Wiretapped thousands of telephones suspected of
subversion
•
Communists suspected in Hollywood
 Celebrities, Actors, Artists, Journalists blacklisted as
Communists
 Distrust and fear
•
Some were jailed, others were given death
sentences
The Red Scare Spreads
•
State and local governments, universities,
businesses, unisons, churches and private groups
also began efforts to find communists
•
The University of California required its faculty to
take loyalty oaths and fired 157 who refused
•
The Taft Hartly Act of 1947-required union leaders
to take oaths saying that they were not
Communists. Many union leaders did not object.
Instead, they wanted to purge their unions,
eventually expelling 11 unions that refused to
remove Communist leaders
McCarthyism
•
1949-1953
 When the Red Scare intensified as the Soviet Union successfully tested an
atomic bomb and China fell to Communism
 Americans thought the US was losing the Cold War
•
Joseph R. McCarthy gave a speech to a Republican women’s group in
West Virginia
 He claimed to have documents that named 205 men in the State
Department to be members of the Communist Party and spy ring
 The list was never shown to the public
 Investigations became witch hunts- searches for disloyalty based on weak
evidence and irrational fears
 McCarthy continued to harass and accuse Americans
•
Finally in 1954 Army Lawyer, Joseph Welch put a stop to the
accusations by standing up to McCarthy and his irrational behavior
The McCarran Act
•
1950
•
International Security Act aka McCarran Act
•
Made it illegal to attempt to establish a totalitarian
government in the US
•
Required all communist-related organizations to
publish their records and register with the US
attorney general
•
Communists could not have passports and in all
cases of national emergency would be arrested and
detained (forgoing civil rights)
•
Congress passed this after Truman Vetoed it
American Life during the
Early Cold War
•
Fears of communism and nuclear war affected every
American
•
Americans first, then Soviets successfully tested the HBomb in 1953 more powerful than the atom bomb
•
Duck-and-cover drills and fall out shelters were used
•
Fallout- radiation left over from the bomb blast
•
Popular culture created spy entertainment and
nonfiction books about Hiroshima and the side effects of
nuclear war.
•
The country was enjoying postwar prosperity and
optimism but it was combined with McCarthyism, fears
of Communism and atomic attacks
Chapter 13
The Cold War
Begins
Lesson 4: Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies
Massive Retaliation
•
Policy of threatening a massive response, including the use of
nuclear weapons against a communists state trying to seize a
peaceful state by force
•
1952 Eisenhower became president, Truman did no run again
 Republican who commanded in WWII and set up D-Day
 National hero
 Convinced that the key to victory was not a simple military but also a
strong economy
 The US had to show the world that the free enterprise system could
produce a better society than communism
 The losses during the Korean War convinced Eisenhower that the US could
not contain communism by fighting a series of small wars
 Wars had to be prevented in the first place
 Reduced the size of the Army and increased the nuclear arsenal
Brinkmanship
•
The practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the limit to
force an opponent to back down, Continual threats of Nuclear
War
•
Taiwan Crisis
 Chinese Nationalists controlled Taiwan and several small islands
along China’s coast
 1954 Communists China threatened Nationalist Taiwan
 He wanted that an attack on Taiwan would be resisted by the US
naval forces and they would use Nuclear weapons
•
The Suez Crisis
 The US wanted to support the Arabs in the Middle East but since
they bought Soviet weapons Congress refused to support them.
 Egypt seized the Suez Canal
 GB and France evaded Egypt
 USSR threated to rocket GB and France and threated to send troops
 The US pressured GB and France and threated to send nukes too
 The Soviet Union won a major diplomatic victory and soon many
more Arab nations began accepting soviet aid.
Covert Operations
•
Developing nations- nations with primarily agricultural
economies
 Many of these nations blamed European Imperialism or American
Capitalism for their problems
 They looked to the Soviet Union for support
 Eisenhower knew that the one way to keep these developing nations
from turning to Communism was with financial aid
 The CIA ran covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders in
these countries and replaced them with pro-American leaders
•
Iran 1953
 In Iran when the leaders turned to communisms the CIA staged
street riots which gave the pro-American leader power
•
Guatemala 1954
 Voted president, Guzman passed a land reform that took over the
large estates and plantations, including American-owned United
Fruit Company
 Communist, Czechoslovakia delivered arms to Guatemala
 The CIA armed the opposing Guatemalans and secretly trained
them, then invaded, president Guzman stepped down from office
Nikita Khrushchev in
Eastern Europe
•
Stalin died in 1953, a struggle for power ensued
•
Nikita Khrushchev had emerged as the Soviet
Leader
 1956-delivered a private speech to USSR officials
 CIA obtained a copy of the speech and distributed it
throughout Europe
 Speech attacked Stalin’s past policies, discredited
Communism
 Communism and Capitalism could peacefully co-exist
 Many Eastern European counties under Soviet Rule began
to riot and resist Soviet rule
 Khrushchev would allow little freedom but intended on
crushing the rioting in Hungary
Eisenhower Doctrine
•
1957-Containment in the Middle East
•
President of Egypt, Nasser, emerged from the Suez
crisis as a hero of the Arab people
•
He began to unite Syria and Jordan to spread panArabism
•
The US began to worry about Nasser’s links to the
Soviets and feared the loss of the Middle East
•
Eisenhower asked Congress to use military force in
the Middle East nations to resist Communist
aggression. The policy became known as the
Eisenhower Doctrine, which extended the Truman
Doctrine of Containment into the Middle East
Khrushchev change in tone
•
1957
•
After a Hungarian uprising Khrushchev reasserted Soviet
power and superiority of communism
 Blamed the capitalists for starting an arms race
 The Soviet Union launched Sputnik satellite in 1957, which the
Soviets saw as proof of their superiority
 After Sputnik, threatened, “Your grandchildren will live under
communism!”
 Demanded Allied troops to exit West Berlin
 Sec of State, Dulles (of US) rejected the demands and threatened
that NATO would respond with military force, if need be
 Khrushchev backed down and brinkmanship worked again
A Spy Plane Shot down
•
1960
•
Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to visit the US but
the two agreed to meet in Paris
 Before they met the US was caught spying with a U-2
spy plane, Soviets shot it down, produced the
American piolet for proof
 This destroyed relations between the two
Tensions Rise by 1961
•
Eisenhower prepares to leave office
•
Warned Americans of the military-industrial complex- an
informal relationship that some believe exists between the military
and the defense industry to promote greater military spending and
influence government policy
•
He avoided war, contained communism Eisenhower left office
frustrated
•
He sent military advisers into South Vietnam to train a South
Vietnamese army
•
Fidel Castro established a communist regime in Cuba