Transcript The Cold War

The Cold War
1. Roots of the Cold War
► At
the end of WW2, the United States and
Russia were left as the world’s two major
powers
► U.S. had vast economic power and the
Atomic Bomb
► Russian had the massive Red Army
► They were known as the Superpowers
1.Roots of the Cold War
► Even
though the United States and Russia
had been allies- their different political,
economical, and social systems caused
them to disagree.
► After the war, each power attempted to
extend its influence in Europe and then in
Asia, Latin America and Africa.
1.Roots of the Cold War
► Western
nations that agreed with the U.S.
hoped to spread democracy and free
enterprise.
► Soviet Leaders promoted the spread of
Communism.
► This caused competition among the
different governments.
2. The Cold War Begins In Europe
► Yalta
Conference split up Germany into four
separate zones of occupation
► Controlled by U.S, Great Britain, France and
Soviet Union
► Stalin pledged to allow Free Elections in
Eastern Europe when the war ended.
► Stalin did not keep his promise.
2. The Cold War Begins In Europe
► Soviet
army occupied eastern Europe and
placed local Communists in power.
► Stalin finally had his “buffer” he believed
that the USSR deserved.
► Winston Churchill announced that an “Iron
Curtain” had descended on Eastern Europe.
2. The Cold War Begins In Europe
► Nations
of Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Rumania,
and, later, East Germany became Soviet
satellites.
► Trade and Communication cut off between
Eastern and Western Europe.
► Eastern European governments forced to
create Communist economies and follow
USSR Policies
3. Growing American Involvement
► Western
Leaders feared that Stalin was
another Hitler.
► U.S. was the only country powerful enough
to resist the Soviet Union and the Spread of
Communism
3. Growing American Involvement
► In
1947, Britain withdrew troops from
Greece from fear of Communist Rebels.
► President Truman sends aid to Greece and
Turkey to stop Communist Rebellion.
► He then offered to support all free people
who resist Communism
3. Growing American Involvement
► This
created a policy known as the “Truman
Doctrine”
► Marked the beginning of American
Containment Policy
► It said that the United States would not
overturn Communism where it already
existed, but would stop it from spreading
any further.
3. Growing American Involvement
► Later
that year, the US announced the
Marshall Plan
► It gave billions of dollars in aid to Western
European nations to rebuild their war-torn
economies.
► Plan was to build more trade partners and
help governments from turning to “other”
economic systems.
3. Growing American Involvement
► The
Berlin Airlift and the Division of
Germany
► In 1948, Western allies began to merge
their zones of occupation in Germany
► Stalin reacted by closing all Western
highway and railroad links to Berlin
► Western allies then began massive airlift to
feed and supply city
3. Growing American Involvement
► Within
a year, Stalin admitted defeat and
lifted the blockade.
► In 1949, the three Western zones of
occupation officially merged into a new
independent state known as the Federal
Republic of Germany (West Germany)
► Stalin Responded by turning the Soviet Zone
into German Democratic Republic (East
Germany
4. Formation of Nato and
Warsaw Pact
► In
1949, the United States, Canada, and ten
Western European countries formed the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
► NATO was formed to protect Western
Europe from Communist aggression.
► U.S. pledged to defend Western Europe
with its nuclear weapons.
4. Formation of Nato and
Warsaw Pact
► Soviet
Leaders responded in 1955 by
creating the Warsaw Pact with their Eastern
European Allies.
► Hungary tried to drop out, so Soviet forces
moved in to “crush the uprisings”
5. Cold War Reaches Asia
► Chiang
Kai-Shek had defeated local
Warlords and united most of China in 1928.
► Engaged in long struggle with both Chinese
Communists and Japanese Invaders.
► Communist Leader Mao Zedong had to
retreat his forces in the Long March to
Northwestern China
5. Cold War Reaches Asia
► In
1937, Japan invaded China.
► Nationalist and Communist come together
to fight the invaders.
► When Japan was defeated, they resumed
their fight.
► Soviet Union provides help to Communist
rebels by helping them gain the peasant
support with land reform policies.
5. Cold War Reaches Asia
► In
1949, Mao Zedong and the Communist
gained control
► Chiang retreated to the island of Taiwan,
vowing to return.
6. Red Star Over China
► Mao
Zedong emphasized the role of the
peasantry
► Also made such changes as:
 Eliminated “Capitalist Class”
 Reeducation of Communist Beliefs
 Family authority was replaced by authority of
the Communist Party. Abolished Ancestor
Worship.
7. The Great Leap Forward
► In
1956, Mao started forcing farmers into
cooperative farms.
 Families shared work and split crops
► They
were later merged in to larger
Communes
7. The Great Leap Forward
► In
1958, Mao introduced a Five-Year Plan
aimed at turning China into an Industrial
Power.
► China’s Vast Population was used to build
dams, roads, and factories.
► But Poor Planning caused overspending
which led to economic disaster and
starvation with up to 30-50 million died.
The Korean War
► Mao’s
victory only strengthened the fears of
Communism spreading.
► Like Germany, Korea was divided in 1945.
► Korea was divided into a Communist North
and Democratic South.
► In 1950, Communist North Korea invades
South Korea
The Korean War
► President
Truman kept his promise and
came to help of South Korea
► Under a United Nations Resolution, the U.S.
and other countries came to force the
Communist Back
► The United Nations forces were led by
General Douglas MacArthur and invaded
North Korea
The Korean War
► When
the war approached Chinese border,
China itself intervened.
► MacArthur wanted to use Nuclear weapons
on China, so Truman removed him from
command
► In 1953, a compromise ended the war
leaving North and South Korea exactly
where they started.
The Cultural Revolution
► By
1962, border disputes and Mao’s dislike
of reforms in the Soviet Union caused an
open disagreement.
► Mao used this Sino-Soviet split to bid for
world leadership of the Communist
movement.
The Cultural Revolution
► Mao
wanted to boost enthusiasm of party
official and cover up his failures from the
Great Leap Forward
► Mao pushed China towards what he called
the Cultural Revolution
► Mao’s sayings from his “Little Red Book”
served as the Blue Print.
The Cultural Revolution
► In
1966, Mao closed China’s universities and
schools and invited eleven million students
to gather in Beijing as Red Guards
► Used Red Guards to attack intellectuals that
looked down on the common man
► Scholars were sent to farms and old Chinese
culture destroyed
The Cultural Revolution
► Mao
opponents were removed, imprisoned,
tortured, and killed
► Eventually Red Guards were out of control
and needed military to control them.
► Once again this policy led to food shortages
► In 1969, Red Guard were sent to Farms
► That ended the violence but as many as one
million people died.
Cambodia
► Withdrawal
of American Forces from
Vietnam led to collapse of Cambodian
government.
► In 1975, the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian
Communist took control
► Their leader, Pol Pot carried out the policy
of genocide of 4 million city dwellers and
opponents.
► In 1978, finally overthrown by Vietnamese.
The Cold War Ends
Soviet Stagnation
► After
Khrushchev fell in 1964, the Soviet
Union fell into a period of stagnation (no
growth)
► Supplies could not keep up with Population
► Unable to compete with free-market
economies of the West.
► Soviet Party members getting special
privileges
Soviet Stagnation
► Soviet
leaders tried the policy of detente to
ease tensions.
► Rebellions in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and
Afghanistan in 1979 ended that policy.
► Natan Sharansky, founder of Refusenik
Movement, was imprisoned for demanding
human rights for nine years.
The Gorbachev Years
► In
1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the
leader of the Soviet Union
► Instituted three major reforms
►Glasnost-
“Greater Openness” Lifted restrictions on
media, borders, and communications with West.
►Perestroika-”Restructuring” of economic policies,
promoted individuals owning small businesses
►Foreign Policy-began negotiations with U.S. to
reduce nuclear arms and allow Eastern European
countries to create Democratic Countries
The Iron Curtain Falls
In Eastern Europe
► In
1978, Pope John Paul II was the first non
Italian Pope elected in 400 years.
► Inspired Polish people to lead the way for
the demand of change.
► Lech Walesa organized independent trade
union.
► Government tried to crush movement, but
the strike of the Gdansk shipyard caused it
to spread through Poland.
The Iron Curtain Falls
In Eastern Europe
► Poland
became first Eastern European
Government to become non-Communist
► The idea of free government spread to
other Eastern European Governments who
then left communism too.
► In 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened for the
first time since 1961.
Gorbachev’s Problems Grow
► Gorbachev’s
policies were failing to maintain
control
► Nationalism became to spread again, with
Boris Yelton being elected President of the
Russian Republic.
► Gorbachev was helpless to stop them.
The Dissolution of
the Soviet Union
► August
1991, hardcore Communists stage a
military coup to overthrow Gorbachev.
► Lacking popular support, the coup collapsed
► Discredited the communist even more.
► Gorbachev tried to negotiate a new
arrangement for the Soviet Union but in
December 1991, it collapsed
The Dissolution of
the Soviet Union
► Russia,
Belarus, and the Ukraine all declared
their independence.
► They formed the Commonwealth of
Independent States
► They were independent but served the
group in limited functions
► Gorbachev resigned at the 1991 and the
U.S.S.R was no more.
The Reunification of Germany
► When
the Soviet Union fell, German
reunited.
► Helmet Kohl, West Germany’s Leader,
helped negotiate the reunification, which
became official at the end of 1990.
► After half a century of division, Germany
was once again a united nation
Changes Come to China
► After
Mao’s Death, Deng Xiaoping became
China’s leader.
► Introduced free enterprise slowly without
losing monopoly on government power.
► Wanted to “modernize” China by reforming
its economy.
Tiananmen Square and the
Limits of Reform
► In
1989, Chinese college students peacefully
demonstrated in Beijing’s Tiananmen
Square.
► Wanted greater personal freedom and
democracy.
► When they wouldn’t leave, army tanks fired
of the demonstrators, killing hundreds.
► Western leaders reduced trade for incident
but trade has resumed.
Tiananmen Square