Transcript Challenges to the New Government

Challenges to the
New Government
Chapter 9, Section 2
Bell Ringer
These questions focus on the
reasons for conflict in the TransAppalachian West.
O 1. Look at the map (also on
page 299). Which states and
territory were part of the
Trans-Appalachian West?
O 2. Which natural feature
formed the western boundary
of the Trans-Appalachian
West?
Key Terms
O Battle of Fallen Timbers – in 1794, an American army defeated
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2,000 Native Americans in a clash over control of the Northwest
Territory
Treaty of Greenville – a 1795 agreement in which 12 Native
American tribes surrendered much of present-day Ohio and
Indiana to the U.S. government
Whiskey Rebellion – a 1794 protest against the government’s tax
on whiskey, which was valuable to the livelihood of backcountry
farmers
French Revolution – in 1789, the French launched a movement
for liberty and equality
Neutral – not siding with one country or the other
Jay’s Treaty – the agreement that ended dispute over American
shipping during the French Revolution
Pinckney’s Treaty – a 1795 treaty with Spain that allowed
Americans to use the Mississippi River and to store goods in New
Orleans; made the 31st parallel the southern U.S. border
Objectives
• Discuss the conflicts with Native Americans in
the Northwest Territory.
• To identify the reasons for the Whiskey Rebellion
• Describe how Americans reacted to the French
Revolution.
How did the actions of Britain and
France affect the United States?
Britain was
supporting Native
American attacks on
American settlers.
Britain and France
were seizing
American ships to
gain their support.
Washington secured the Northwest Territory
and encouraged Americans to stay neutral in
European affairs.
The Treaty of Paris gave America a vast area
called the Northwest Territory.
Northwest Territory
Mississippi
River
Ohio River
British troops remained in the Northwest
Territory. They aided Native Americans in
resisting American settlement.
Northwest Territory
Americans wanted
British troops to
withdraw.
British troops
Securing the Northwest
Territory
O The new nation needed peace to prosper
O 1. Why was there conflict over the West?
O Competing land claims
O Spain
O Britain
O Native Americans
O United States
O Where did the U.S. have
the biggest problem?
America faced conflict with Native Americans
in the Northwest Territory.
Native Americans
wanted to keep
their lands.
American leaders
wanted to settle
the West.
They attacked
many American
settlements.
They tried to
force Native
Americans to sell
their lands.
Securing the Northwest Territory
O 2. What expectations might the Native Americans
have had of the British as the tribes came into
conflict with white settlers?
O Native Americans probably expected the British to
support them in their conflicts with American
settlers
O Both were clashing with American settlers
Washington sent troops to end the Native
American attacks on settlers.
Native
Americans
defeated
American
troops in
1790 and
1791.
In 1794,
Americans led
by General
Anthony
Wayne won a
major victory
at the Battle
of Fallen
Timbers.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
O 3. Why did Washington decide to send troops to the
Ohio Valley to fight the force led by Little Turtle?
O To secure the Northwest Territory – Washington
thought this land and its security were crucial for the
growth of the country
O After two defeats, Washington sent a third army, led
by Anthony Wayne
O Known as “Mad Anthony”
O Defeated the Native Americans
at Ft. Miami – the Battle of
Fallen Timbers
Battle of Fallen Timbers
O 4. Why did the British refuse to help the
Native Americans?
O They didn’t want a war with the United States
O 5. How did the Battle of Fallen Timbers
affect Native American claims to land?
O Crushed their hopes of keeping their land in
the Northwest Territory
In the 1795 Treaty
of Greenville, Native
American leaders
gave up most of
their lands.
This land makes up
present day Ohio.
Treaty of Greenville
O 6. What were the results of the Battle of Fallen
Timbers for the Native Americans? For the United
States?
O Crushed Native American hopes of keeping their land
in the Northwest Territory
O In the Treaty of Greenville, 12 tribes agreed to give up
their land (present-day Ohio and Indiana)
Remember – Secretary of the Treasury Alexander
Hamilton developed a plan to solve the financial
crisis.
Pay all federal and
state debts
The
government
would:
Create a national
bank
Impose a high tax
on imported goods
In 1791, Congress imposed a tax on all U.S.
whiskey, part of Hamilton’s financial plan.
This led to a
farmer’s revolt
known as the
Whiskey Rebellion.
Washington sent
troops to end the
revolt.
The Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
O 7. Why were farmers angry about the whiskey tax?
O Whiskey – and the grain from which it was made –
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were important products
Poor roads made it difficult for farmers to get their
grain to market
Easier to transport the grain in liquid form
Customers paid more for whiskey than grain
Farmers used whiskey as money to barter
The Whiskey Rebellion
O 8. Why did Washington decide
to crush the rebellion and
enforce the tax?
O If he didn’t, it would undermine
the new government and
weaken its authority
O 9. Why was Washington’s
treatment of the Whiskey
Rebellion important?
O Had shown the government
had the power and the will to
enforce its laws
The Whiskey Rebellion
O 10. What other options, if any, might Washington
have chosen? The famers? (Opinion question)
O Washington could have tried to help the farmers
O Washington could have repealed the tax
O The farmers could have asked for talks instead of
fighting
The French Revolution began in 1789. At first, most
Americans supported the revolution.
During the Reign of
Terror, revolutionaries
executed more than
17,000 people.
After this, the
revolution became
controversial in
America.
The French Revolution
O People in France started a
revolution in 1789
O They wanted liberty and equality
O Things changed in 1793
O Movement had become violent
O King and Queen were beheaded
O France declared war on Britain, Spain,
and Holland
O They were all also ruled by monarchs
The French Revolution
O 11. Why did war between France and
Britain put the United States in a difficult spot?
O France had been America’s ally in the Revolution against
the British
O Britain was the most important trading partner with the
U.S. – trade was important!
The French
Revolution
O What sort of U.S. obligation to France did the wartime
alliance and treaty of 1778 create?
O Since France supported the U.S. in its Revolution, many
people thought the U.S. should support France.
O 12. How did Jefferson, Hamilton, and Washington think
the United States should react to the war?
O Jefferson – thought putting down the revolution was an
attack on liberty
O Hamilton – wanted to support Britain because of trade
O Washington – decided to remain neutral; stayed “friendly
and impartial” to both sides
By 1793, France and Britain were at war.
Washington wanted America to remain neutral.
France
United States
Britain
Both countries wanted the U.S. to choose a side.
They began stopping and seizing American ships.
The British made matters worse by the
impressment of sailors on American ships.
They forced
American sailors to
serve in the British
navy.
Hamilton urged Washington to stay friendly with
Britain.
America
Britain purchased
75 percent of
American exports.
They supplied 90
percent of
American imports.
Britain
Remaining Neutral
O Britain began taking goods from American ships
O John Jay sent to England
O Why did England agree to Jay’s Treaty?
O Worried about another battle with the U.S. after
losing at Fallen Timbers
O Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain
O Thomas Pinckney
O Americans could travel on the MS River
O Americans could store goods at New Orleans port
O 31st parallel became the northern boundary of FL
Recent actions by American leaders provoked
angry responses from the French people.
• U.S. neutrality
• the Jay Treaty
The French
snubbed a U.S.
diplomat and
attacked U.S.
ships.
The Jay Treaty was controversial.
Republicans opposed
the treaty. They
believed it gave too
much to Britain and
too little to America.
Federalists were in
favor of the treaty
because it kept peace
with Britain.
Since Federalists controlled the Senate, the Jay
Treaty passed.
Remaining Neutral
O 13. What problems did Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty
solve for the United States?
O Jay’s Treaty (with the British)
O British agreed to leave Ohio Valley by 1796
O British agreed to pay damages for U.S. ships they had seized
O Pinckney’s Treaty (with Spain)
O Spain gave Americans the right to travel freely on the
Mississippi River
O Spain game the U.S. the right to store goods at port of New
Orleans without paying customs taxes
O Accepted 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida
and southern boundary of the U.S.