Transcript Early Cold War

THE COLD WAR
The Age of Containment, 1946-1964
© 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.
Nuremberg trials bring Nazi’s to
justice
Creating a National Security
State, 1945-1949
• Alliance between Soviet Union and the
United States was not based on
collaboration, but on cooperative defeat of
Axis powers
– America sent troops to help anti-communist
during RR
– Did not recognize Soviet government until 1933
• Relations between the two countries
descended into suspicion and growing
tensions
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
DISCUSS FUTURE OF GERMANY, POLAND AND
DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS
SPLIT GERMANY INTO FOUR ZONES OF OCCUPATION
NO REPARATIONS
POLAND FIRST STICKING POINT, ROUTE OF INVASION
IN PAST, STALIN WANTS SYMPATHETIC GOVERNMENT
(COMMUNIST)
ALL AGREE ON UN - 50 NATION IN SF APRIL 1945
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
11 MEMBER SECURITY COUNCIL, 5 PERMANENT–
USSR,US,CHINA,FRANCE,BRITS
United Nations created 1945 in
San Fransico 51 Nations join
Onset of the Cold War
• Interpretations of Cold War’s origins
– Traditional: Soviet expansion and desire to spread
Communism
– Revisionists: U.S. threatened Soviets into the Cold War
– Rival interests made Cold War inevitable
• Harry S. Truman
• Joseph Stalin
• Potsdam Conference (1945) 1ST MEETING OF
Truman and Stalin
• Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
• “National security”
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
CONFLICT IN EUROPE
• FORMER ALLIES WITH CONFLICTING
IDEOLOGIES, AND MUTUAL
DISTRUST DIVIDE AND LEAD TO THE
CONFLICT KNOWN AS THE COLD
WAR
– STALIN WANTS TO SPREAD
COMMUNISM AND CREATE A BUFFER
BETWEEN GERMANY AND
THEMSELVES
– ESTABLISHED PRO SOVIET
GOVERNMENTS THROUGHOUT
EASTERN EUROPE
AMERICAN GOALS – ECONOMICALLY AND
POLITICALLY OPEN WORLD –PROVIDES
MARKETS FOR PRODUCTS
SOVIET GOALS- REBUILD TO PROTECT ITS OWN
INTERESTS
ESTABLISH SATELLITE NATIONS
COUNTRIES SUBJECT TO SOVIET
DOMINATION AND FRIENDLY TO SOVIET GOALS
“COLLECTIVE SECURITY”
BATTLE LINES ARE DRAWN
• STALIN QUOTE
• WHOEVER OCCUPIES A TERRITORY ALSO IMPOSES
HIS OWN SOCIAL SYSTEM. EVERYONE IMPOSES HIS
OWN SYSTEM AS FAR AS HIS ARMIES CAN REACH.
IT CANNOT BE OTHERWISE.
• TRUMAN QUOTE
• I BELIEVE THAT IT MUST BE THE POLICY OF THE
UNITED STATES TO SUPPORT FREE PEOPLE WHO
ARE RESISTING ATTEMPTED SUBJUGATION BY
ARMED MINORITIES OR BY OUTSIDES
PRESSURES…. THE FREE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD
LOOK TO US FOR SUPPORT IN MAINTAINING THEIR
FREEDOM.
THE SUN SETS ON EASTERN
FREEDOM
• POLAND BECOMES COMMUNIST ELIMINATES ALL
OPPOSITION
• ALBANIA (1945) AND BULGARIA(1948) FORCED INTO
COMMUNISM
• CZECHOSLOVAKIA, HUNGARY, ROMANIA ARE NEXT
• EAST GERMANY FOLLOWS
• FINLAND AND YUGOSLAVIA GAIN A MEASURE OF
FREEDOM FROM THE SOVIET UNION BUT, ARE STILL
COMMUNIST
THE IRON CURTAIN
Iron Curtain Speech
• 1946
“From Stettin in
• Fulton Missouri
the Baltic to
Trieste in the
• Statement clearly
Adriatic, an Iron describing existing
Curtain has
situation
descended
across the
continent."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jva
US PLANS TO CONTAIN
COMMUNISM
• TRUMAN DOCTRINE
• MARSHALL PLAN
• Policy of Containment
• GEORGE KENNAN
• Domino theory
UNITED STATES MUST CONTAIN
COMMUNIST MOVEMENT
SENT AID AND
ADVISORS TO
GREECE AND
TURKEY TO
HELP THEM
STAVE OFF
COMMUNISM
CONTAINMENT TO STOP THE
DOMINO’S
• CONTAINMENT THE IDEA OF LIMITING
COMMUNISM TO THE PLACES IT ALREADY
EXISTS
– DEVELOPED BY AMERICAN GEORGE KENNAN
– BELIEVED THAT COMMUNISM WOULD
EVENTUALLY DESTROY ITSELF.
– Domino Theory believe that if left uncheck that
communism would spread quickly containment was a part
of the policy to prevent this.
MARSHALL PLAN
– OFFER OF AID BY THE AMERICANS TO THE
DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES OF EUROPE
– U.S. FUNNELED FOOD AND ECONOMIC
ASSISTANCE TO COUNTRIES TO HELP THEM
REBUILD
– HELPED EUROPE TO RECOVER RAPIDLY THUS
LIMITING THE INFLUENCE OF COMMUNISM
– TRUMAN OFFERS AID TO THE SOVIETS AND
THE EASTERN BLOC SOVIETS REFUSE AND
FORBID OTHERS FROM TAKING THE AID
RUSSIA GETS THE BOMB
WITH THE HELP OF BRITISH AND
AMERICAN SPIES
Containment Abroad: The
Truman Doctrine
• Truman Doctrine (1947)
• “Containment"
– George F. Kennan
• Aid to ambassador to USSR
• Anti-communist
– “X” article in Foreign Affairs
• USSR only understand force and
Aggressive diplomacy
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Truman’s Loyalty Program
• Executive Order 9835– Containment on the home front
– loyalty boards-people lose jobs
• "Venona files“ showed soviets aided
communist party in America
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The National Security Act, The
Marshall Plan, and the Berlin
Crisis
• National Security Act (1947)
– Department of Defense
– Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
• Marshall Plan
– George C. Marshall
• Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949)
• “Two Germanys”
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The Election of 1948
• Progressive Party
– Henry A. Wallace
• State's Rights Party ("Dixiecrats")
– Strom Thurmond
• 80th Congress
• Thomas E. Dewey
• Democratic victory and formula for success
– New Deal Coalition
– Truman looked strong on National Security
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Korean War Era, 1949-1952
• Cold war crises erupted and led to
warfare in Korea
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NATO, China, and the Bomb
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
– Robert Taft’s opposition
• China
– Jiang Jieshi
– Mao Zedong
– Formosa (Taiwan)
• Soviet atomic bomb
• “Hydrogen bomb”
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
NSC-68
• National Security Council document 68 (NSC68)
– Paul Nitze
– A blueprint for both the rhetoric and strategy of
future cold war foreign policy
– Global ideological clash between U.S. “freedom”
and Soviet “slavery”
– Contain Soviet expansion more aggressively, no
negotiations
– Massive military buildup
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
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The Korean War
North Korea vs. South Korea
United Nations involvement
Douglas MacArthur
Inchon
Beyond the 38th parallel
Chinese intervention
MacArthur fired
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Korea and Containment
• American Cold War alliances in Asia
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Japanese-American Security Pact
U.S. bases in the Middle East
ANZUS
Aid to French in retaking Indo-China
“Campaign of Truth”
Atomic Energy Commission
RAND
“The militarization of American life”
U.S. opposes left-wing movements globally
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Anticommunism and the Labor
Movement
• Increased labor militancy after WWII
• Labor-Management Relations Act (1947)
– Taft-Hartley Act
• CIO expulsion of Communist tainted unions
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
HUAC and the Loyalty Program
• House Committee on Un-American Activities
(HUAC)
– "Hollywood ten“
– “Naming names”
• Richard Nixon
– Whittaker Chambers ex-commie
– Alger Hiss Spy????
• FBI investigations of artists and intellectuals
– W. E. B. Du Bois
– Ernest Hemingway
• McCarran-Walter Act
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
HUAC and the Loyalty Program
“The Great Fear”
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
• Dennis v. US (1951) appeal of the
convictions of Communist party leaders
• McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
– Subversive Activities Control Board
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
McCarthyism
• Joseph McCarthy Republican Sen. from
Wisconsin
– Accuses people of being communist without proof.
– People in and out of politics
• George Marshall and Dean Acheson Sec. Of States
– Mostly exaggerated estimates of the “Red Menace”
– Very powerful even without evidence
– "McCarthyism”
• Millard Tydings loses Senate because of
McCarthy
• Bullies opponents, welcomes sympathetic experts
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Truman’s Fair Deal
• Fair Deal: Truman’s expansion of the New
Deal
• Serviceman's Readjustment Act (1944)
– GI Bill of Rights
• Social Security Act of 1950
• National Health Insurance
– American Medical Association
– Hill-Burton Act
• Housing Act (1949)
• Reality of Fair deal was to target specific
groups
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A Changing Culture
• Postwar years were time of dramatic
change
• Americans created change with
progress
• Simultaneously, change was unsettling
Jackie Robinson and the Baseball “Color Line”
Jackie Robinson (1947)
Brooklyn Dodgers
National League Rookie of the Year (1947)
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Suburban Development
• Levittown, New York
• Federal Housing Administration
(FHA)
• Mortgage interest tax deduction
• “Baby boom”
• “White flight”
• Loans to women could not receive
guarantees
sworth Group All rights reserved
The
Baby
Boom
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From Truman to Eisenhower
The Election of 1952
• Truman declines to run
• Democrats on the defensive
Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson
Republican ticket: Dwight D. Eisenhower and
Richard Nixon
Criticized over Korean War
“Korea, corruption, and communism”
Nixon’s Checker’s speech
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
COLD WAR
The War Begins
• The USSR is ignored and
put down time and again
by the U.S.
• Tensions become greater
as the Soviets get a hold of
atomic secrets.
• The Soviets build their
own atomic bombs and the
cold war begins as the
U.S. retaliates by building
more weapons.
A New Type of War
• German scientist, Von Braun, goes to work
with Robert Goddard for the U.S. and works
to build new and better rockets.
• Soviet Father of rocketry, Konstantin
Tsiolkovsky, goes to work for USSR and
starts building better rockets.
• All have the same goal of someday reaching
the moon.
“Gentlemen, start your
engines…”
• Both countries do
hundreds of
experiments with
small rockets.
• However, on October
4th, 1957, the Soviets
successfully launch
the Sputnik into space.
• The American people
panic.
The Sputnik
• The news of the Sputnik put the American
people into a mass panic.
• If the American people weren’t scared enough, a
short while later, the Soviets send a dog named,
Strelka, into space, making the dog the first living
creature in space, also a Soviet.
• On April 12th, 1961 the Soviets put the first man in space.
• Yuri Gagarin is on board the Vostok for one hour and forty
eight minutes.
Go Communism!!
• The whole world hears
about the Soviet’s victory.
• The press asks Prime
Minister Khrushchev,
who was behind the
success, he tells them it
was “the soviet people”.
• To the rest of the world,
Communism is looking
pretty good!
A New Hope
• The U.S. space program is practically a
joke. It’s merely a short history of launch
pad explosions and unsuccessful rockets.
• On May 25th, 1961, the newly inaugurated
President Kennedy stands before a joint
session of congress and proclaims: “I
believe that this nation should commit itself
to achieving the goal, before this decade is
out, of landing a man on the moon and
returning him safely to earth…I believe we
should go to the moon.”
FINALLY!!
• On May 5th, 1961,
Alan Sheppard
becomes the first
American in space.
• The U.S. finally gains
some ground against
the Soviets.
• However, the Soviets
find success with their
Luna missions.
U.S. Picks Up Speed.
• In February of 1962,
John Glenn is the first
American to orbit the
earth.
• U.S. and Soviets are
on equal ground and
the manned space race
begins.
U-2 SHOOT DOWN
GARY POWERS PLANE
BEFORE
AND AFTER
U-2 Shot Down By
Reds
On May 1, 1960,
Francis Gary Powers,
A USAF pilot was shot
down by a Soviet
SAM, the SA-2 missile.
Shot down 1200 mi. into Soviet airspace
News Hits Home
Most News of downed
aircraft were said to be weather
observation or had doubt as to the
reason of it being there but in this
case the soviets recovered almost all
of the aircraft including the camera
equipment. Also, because he was
tried as a spy it was no secret. The
US believed that the U-2 was too
fragile to sustain a missile hit and
that no one could survive in that
aircraft a missile hit.
The Trial
The Trial took place in Moscow from August
17-19 of 1960. He was sentenced to 10 years of solitary
confinement in Matrosskaya Tishina Prison
THE WALL GOES UP 1961
In an attempt to end the mass
exodus from East Germany
IT COMES
DOWN 1989
CASTRO TAKES OVER
CUBA
Castro led revolutionaries overthrow Cuban leader Baptista
America supports Castro until we find Communist
infiltration Castro seizes American Property we cut exports
and ties to Cuba . Castro turns to the Soviet Union
BAY OF PIGS FAILURE
CIA trains Cubans opposed to Castro
After training Cubans would invade and over throw Castro
with America’s help
Plan failed and only angered and frightened Cuba into
closer relations with the Soviet Union.
The Beginning of the
Cuban Missile Crisis
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The closest the world has
ever come to nuclear war
was the CMC.
It occurred in October of
1962.
The American president
during the Crisis was
Kennedy.
The leader in power for
Cuba was Fidel Castro.
The missiles were first
discovered when Richard
Heyser, a U-2 pilot, flew
over Cuba.
THE BASE IN QUESTION
Missiles in depth!!!
October 22nd, 1962
• On this date,
president Kennedy
announced to the
people of the U.S that
there had been a
discovery of nuclear
was missiles 90 miles
off the coast of Florida
and in final decision
had the island under
quarantine.
Tension builds in
Cuba!
•
•
•
Now that it has been announced to
the public, tension has now gone
into effect on both sides.
First, Kennedy ordered low-level
reconnaissance missions every two
hours.
Then, on Oct.25th, the quarantine
had been lifted and on the next
day Khrushchev wrote an
impassioned letter that proposed
they would remove Soviet missiles
and personnel, if the U.S promised
not to invade Cuba.
POSSIBLE RESULTS
CHANGING OF THE GUARD