Transcript Cold War - US History II

Origins of the Cold War
 Essential Questions
 What were the fundamental differences between
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the United States and Soviet Union (USSR) before
and during the Cold War Era?
How did ideology shape international relations
during the Cold War?
How did the Cold War dictate United States foreign
policy until 1991?
Identify and describe the Cold War conflicts
How did the Cold War dictate United States
domestic policy until 1991?
Origins of the Cold War
Distrust and Suspicion…
 Why the Soviet Union
distrusted the U.S.
 Suspected Britain and the US
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were negotiating peace with
Germany during WWII
Felt the “Western Allies” were
too slow in opening the Second
Front during WWII
Was denied Lend-Lease Aid as
soon as WWII ended
Was not included in the
development of the atomic
bomb
Was denied a share in the
occupation of Italy during
WWII and Japan following the
war
 Why the United States
distrusted the U.S.S.R.
 Suspicious of Soviet Union
because of the Non-Aggression
Pact they signed with Germany
before WWII
 Soviet did not keep promise of
allowing free elections in
Eastern Europe after WWII
 Soviet Union still maintained a
large army after WWII
The Tension Intensifies…
Soviet Union
Soviet Satellite States
The Iron Curtain
Referred to the countries in the Soviet
sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
The Iron Curtain
“From Stettin in the Baltic to
Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has descended
across the Continent. Behind
that line lie all the capitals of
the ancient states of Central
and Eastern Europe . . .
subject in one form or
another . . . to a very high . . .
measure of control from
Moscow. . . . [T]his is
certainly not the liberated
Europe we fought to build
up.”
- Winston Churchill
Containment
United States policy of restricting
the expansion of Soviet
Communism
Truman Doctrine
“The policy of the United States to support free
people who are resisting subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures”
US provided military and economic
aid to Greece and Turkey to stop
the spread of communism
Marshall Plan
Financial Aid to
rebuild Europe
George C. Marshall
Berlin Airlift
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
Military Alliance
between the United
States, Canada and
Western Europe
Warsaw Pact
A response to NATO by
the Soviet Union –
Formed a military
alliance between Russia
and its Eastern
European “Allies”
China Turns Communist - 1949
Chinese Communist Party, led by
Mao Zedong, takes control of China
Mao Zedong aligns China
with USSR
Korean War (1950 – 1953)
North Korea,
Communist;
Supported by
Soviet Union,
eventually
China
South Korea,
Capitalist;
Supported by
United States,
United Nations
38th Parallel,
where
Korea is
divided in
half
The Eisenhower Presidency
Wins election of 1952;
becomes 34th President
“We Will Bury You” - Nikita Khrushchev
Leader of Soviet Union following the death of
Joseph Stalin; in power from 1953 – 1964;
promoted a policy of de-Stalinization
Eisenhower Doctrine
Provided military aid to any Middle Eastern nation
seeking help in resisting Communist aggression
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA (formed in 1947) helped
overthrow communist leaders
in Guatemala 1953 (Jacobo
Arbenz) and in Iran 1954
(Mohammad Mossaddeq)
Arbenz
Mossaddeq
“…the overthrow of Arbenz
inadvertently encouraged
communism: outraged by
what had happened in
Guatemala, Fidel Castro, Che
Guevara and their supporters
resolved to liberate Cuba
from Washington’s sphere of
influence and turn it into a
Marxist-Leninist state”
“Meanwhile, the Shah of Iran, restored to
power by the Americans in 1953, was
consolidating an increasingly repressive
regime which Washington found impossible
to disavow. Once again, a tail wagged a dog,
linking the United States to an authoritarian
leader whose only virtues were that he
maintained order, kept oil flowing,
purchased American arms and was reliably
anti-communist. Iranians were sufficiently
fed up by 1979 that they overthrew the Shah,
denounced the United States for supporting
him, and installed in power under the
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini the first
radically Islamist government anywhere in
the world”
Source: Gaddis, John Lewis: The Cold War: A New History
May 1 ,1960
Brinkmanship – policy which relied on the threat of
massive retaliation, including the use of nuclear
weapons
YouTube:
Castle
BRAVO test
http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=fd1IF
jBNNVo
“The ability to get to the verge [brink] without
getting into war is the necessary art”
– John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State
“Duck and Cover”
House Un-American Activities
Committee
Investigated members
of peace organizations,
liberal political groups,
labor unions and even
Hollywood stars who
were suspected of
being involved in
“communist activities”
“The Hollywood Ten”
The Red Scare: Part II
U.S. Senator (Wisconsin) Joseph McCarthy
Accused federal employees of being communists without any
concrete evidence; his hunt for communists became known as
McCarthyism
The Space Race
Sputnik I – October, 1957:
Soviet Union launched the first
artificial satellite into space
Sputnik II – November, 1957
Effects??
1. American anxiety/fear; 2. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA); 3. National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
– investments to improve education in science, mathematics and
foreign languages
The Kennedy Presidency
Election of 1960
John F. Kennedy (D-MA)
Richard M. Nixon (R-CA)
Role of Media and Television
1.
Eisenhower’s response to a
question on Nixon’s role as VP
2. 1st televised debate between
presidential candidates –
September 26, 1960
Q. Mr. Mohr: We understand that the
power of decision is entirely yours,
Mr. President. I just wondered if you
could give us an example of a major
idea of his (Richard Nixon’s) that
you had adopted in that role, as the
decider and final–
THE PRESIDENT. If you give me
a week, I might think of one. I
don’t remember.
“That night, image replaced
the printed word as the
natural language of politics.”
-Russell Baker
“The New Frontier”
 Kennedy’s main campaign issues:
 Space Exploration
 Technological advancement
 Poverty
 Civil Rights
 War
 National Security/threat of communism
Kennedy wins election by 119,000 votes
“And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country
can do for you – ask what you can do for your country”
-excerpt from Kennedy’s inauguration speech
In 1961, President John F.
Kennedy established the
Peace Corps to promote
world peace and friendship.
www.peacecorps.gov
The Peace Corps' mission has
three simple goals:
Helping the people of
interested countries in meeting
their need for trained men and
women.
Helping promote a better
understanding of Americans
on the part of the peoples
served.
Helping promote a better
understanding of other
peoples on the part of
Americans.
Area Redevelopment Act (1961)
Bill passed to provide financial assistance to
economically distressed regions (Previously
vetoed by Eisenhower)
“The poor get sick more than
anyone in society…When they
become sick, the are sick
longer than any other group
in the society. Because they
are sick more often and
longer than anyone else, they
lose wages and work, and find
it difficult to hold a steady
job. And because of this, they
cannot pay for good housing,
for a nutritious diet, for
doctors.” – Michael
Harrington, The Other
America
A New Military Policy
Kennedy felt the Eisenhower
administration had not done enough
about the Soviet threat…
Flexible Response
“The Kennedy Administration worried that reliance on
nuclear weapons gave us no way to respond to large nonnuclear attacks without committing suicide…We decided
to broaden the range of options by strengthening and
modernizing the military’s ability to fight nonnuclear
war.”
– Robert S. McNamara, Kennedy’s secretary of defense
Crises over Cuba
1959: Revolutionaries led by Fidel
Castro overthrow dictator,
Fulgencio Batista, and install
communist government in Cuba.
Castro converts commercial
farms into communes ( farms
owned by the government),
nationalizes other industries such
as banks, seizes three American
and British oil refineries,
represses political opponents,
and accepts Soviet Union’s
assistance.
About 10% of Cuba’s population
leaves the country
“Revolutionaries are not born, they are
made by poverty, inequality and
dictatorship.” – Fidel Castro
How does the United States
react?
Bay of Pigs
April 17th, 1961
CIA secretly trained Cuban exiles for an
invasion of Cuba, hoping it would trigger a
mass uprising that would overthrow Castro
“We Americans look like fools to our friends,
rascals to our enemies, and incompetents to
the rest.” – C.L. Sulzberger, New York Times
Mission was a complete disaster!!
The Berlin Crisis
Khrushchev was concerned over the
fact that many East Berliners were
leaving the city for the West and
wanted to close all access roads to
West Berlin
Kennedy did not agree and stated
“we cannot and will not permit the
communists to drive us out of
Berlin”
…on August 13th, 1961
construction of the Berlin Wall
began
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Summer 1962: Increase in the flow of
weapons – including nuclear missiles –
from Soviet Union to Cuba
Soviet ship headed towards Cuba
presumably carrying more missiles
U.S. spy planes reveal
nuclear missile sites in Cuba
President Kennedy
informs the nation and
world that any missile
attack from Cuba would
trigger an all-out attack
on the Soviet Union
Cuban Missile Crisis
Solution to the Crisis:
1. U.S. agrees to not invade Cuba; US also agrees to remove its
own missiles from Turkey in exchange for USSR removing
missiles from Cuba
2. Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
3. “Hot Line” established linking White House and Kremlin
Turning point in US/Soviet relations; both
countries sought to ease tensions
JFK Assassinated!!
November 22, 1963
Lee Harvey Oswald
Accused of assassinating JFK
Jack Ruby
Shot Lee Harvey
Oswald two days
after assassination
of JFK
Warren Commission
Investigation of JFK
assassination:
Conclusion: Lee
Harvey Oswald acted
alone, Jack Ruby also
acted alone; dismissed
any conspiracy
theories
Lyndon Baines Johnson
Continued JFK’s Civil Rights initiatives
Declared “unconditional war on poverty in America”
- Job Corps: Work training program for young people
- Head Start: Preschool education program for low-income families
- Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA): Domestic version of the
Peace Corps
The Great Society
 LBJ’s domestic reform program
 Created Medicare (health insurance for people over
65) and Medicaid (health insurance for the poor)
 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965):
Provided $1.3 billion in aid to schools in poor areas
 Supported the Arts (NEA) and Humanities (NEH) by
offering grants and fellowships to artists, writers and
scholars
 Passed various legislation meant to preserve the
environment
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Legacy: Accused persons must be informed of
their rights at time of their arrest
Civil Rights Movement
Plessy v. Ferguson (1890)?
“Separate but equal”
"We consider the underlying fallacy of the
plaintiff's argument to consist in the
assumption that the enforced separation
of the two races stamps the colored race
with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it
is not by reason of anything found in the
act, but solely because the colored race
chooses to put that construction upon it.“
– Justice Brown
Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka,
Kansas)
Segregation prevented Linda
Brown from attending an allwhite elementary school.
Instead, she needed to travel a
longer distance to attend an
African-American school.
A class action suit was filed
against the school district to
permit integration
Thurgood Marshall
Represented the plaintiff in Brown v. Board
Eventually became a justice of the Supreme
Court, the court’s first African-American justice
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
“We conclude that the doctrine of
‘separate but equal’ has no place.
Separate educational facilities are
inherently unequal” – Chief Justice Earl
Warren
Following the Brown v. Board decision, did de-segregation
take place immediately?
A majority of schools around the country
resisted the idea of desegregation
Brown II
Ordered school desegregation
be implemented “with all
deliberate speed”
Elizabeth Eckford
entering school in Little
Rock, Arkansas
Civil Rights Act of 1957 – Gave
federal government greater
power over school
desegregation
Eventually, President
Eisenhower sends National
Guard to Little Rock to protect
African-American students
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery, Alabama:
December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks
refused to move to the back of
the bus. Led to her arrest,
which resulted in a bus boycott
by African-Americans in the
city of Montgomery
November, 1956: Supreme Court
ruled Montgomery’s segregation
laws unconstitutional
Civil Rights Act of 1957 – Bill
passed by Congress making it a
federal crime to prevent qualified
persons from voting
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Northern-based civil rights group; used
nonviolent protests against racial
discrimination
Freedom Riders –
In 1960 members
of CORE went on
integrated bus
trips through the
South
Freedom Riders
Freedom Riders met
resistance and
violence in the South
Birmingham 1963
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Southern Christian
Leadership Conference
(SCLC) – Alliance of
church-based AfricanAmerican organizations
dedicated to ending
discrimination
Advocated non-violent
forms of resistance ,
termed “soul force”
August 28th, 1963
March on Washington
“I have a dream….”
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Banned discrimination in employment on basis
of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Also outlawed
discrimination in public accommodations and gave the Justice
Department the authority to bring lawsuits to enforce school
desegregation.
MLK Jr. Assassinated
April 4th, 1968
James Earl Ray
“Bloody Sunday”
March 7, 1965: Selma, Alabama – Registration Drive
Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Put the entire voting
registration process under federal control
Nation of Islam
Preached a
message of black
nationalism, felt
African-Americans
should create their
own republic
within the United
States
Elijah Muhammad – Leader of NOI
Malcolm X
Leading minister for the Nation of Islam
Assassinated: February 21st, 1965
Black Power
Civil Rights movement which
called for black separatism
Black Panthers
Vietnam
What do you know about the Vietnam War?
Which types of wars are usually compared to the
Vietnam War?
Origins of Conflict in Vietnam
French Indochina
Vietnamese seek
independence…
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos:
French colonial possessions from
the late 1800’s until WWII. Japan
assumed brief control following
French defeat in WWII.
Leader of Indochinese
Communist Party, helped form
the Vietminh – an organization
whose goal was to win
Vietnamese independence
September 2nd 1945: Ho Chi
Minh declares Vietnam an
independent country…
…but France intends to keep its
colonial possession and regains
control of the country’s southern half
by the end of 1945
The struggle between France
and the Vietminh lasts until
May of 1954
France is defeated
Who did the United States decide
to support? Why?
Domino Theory
If one country falls to communism, the
surrounding countries will fall, as well
"You have a row of dominoes set up, you
knock over the first one, and what will
happen to the last one is a certainty that it
will go over very quickly.“
- President Eisenhower, April 7th 1954
Geneva Accords: Vietnam is
divided along the 17th parallel
Communist
government
led by Ho Chi
Minh
Anti-Communist
nationalist
government led by
Ngo Dinh Diem
Election to unify the country is scheduled for 1956
An Unstable Situation:
Ngo Dinh Diem v. Ho Chi Minh
Refused to take part
in countrywide
election of 1956!
Vietcong
Communist
opposition group
in South Vietnam,
led attacks on the
Diem government.
Supported and
supplied by Ho Chi
Minh
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Thich Quang Duc
Set himself on fire to protest the persecution of
Buddhists by South Vietnam’s Roman Catholic
Government led by Ngo Dinh Diem
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident
Aug. 2, 1964:
U.S. Destroyer Maddox,
while conducting spying
missions against North
Vietnam, is allegedly fired
upon…
Tonkin Gulf Resolution – Gave the president authority to take “all
necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the
United States;” gave the President war-making powers in the
absence of a declaration of war; by passing the resolution, Congress
had essentially given up its constitutional power to declare war
Cu Chi Tunnels
Network of tunnels used by the Vietcong in
Saigon and across Vietnam
“Search and Destroy”
Missions
Tet Offensive
Vietcong guerillas and
North Vietnamese troops
coordinate an attack on
South Vietnamese cities
and on American military
targets during Tet, the
Vietnamese New Year
(Jan. 30/31). Traditionally,
there was a lull in
fighting during Tet.
Result: Communists are defeated and suffer heavy
casualties, but the attack further proves that
resistance throughout Vietnam is still strong
Suspected Vietcong operative shot by Col. Ngoc
Loan, South Vietnamese Chief of Police
Nixon Presidency 1969 -1974
Nixon; Vietnam and Cambodia
Vietnamization – President Nixon’s plan which
involved turning over the fighting to the South
Vietnamese while gradually pulling out U.S. troops;
secretly he planned to move more troops into
Cambodia to cut Vietcong supply lines
Kent State Shootings
May 4th, 1970: National Guard troops shoot and kill 4
students in an anti-war protest at Kent State
University in Ohio
Cease-Fire
Watergate
A relaxation of tension between USA and
USSR during the 1970s
 SALT I – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks;
agreement between US/USSR to limit nuclear
capacities
 Helsinki Accords – Established goals of
international security, cooperation among
states, integrity of boundaries, selfdetermination of peoples, and outlined basic
human rights (all of these conditions were nonbinding, however)
Fall of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev & Glasnost
Perestroika – Economic restructuring which led to
political reform; resulted in an elected parliament
(Congress of People’s Deputies) which allowed noncommunist parties to organize
 1979 - Soviets attempt to restore a proSoviet regime in the country
 Similar to the America’s war in Vietnam, the
conflict is largely unpopular and
unsuccessful
 Afghan forces supported by US with
military aid
 Americans boycott 1980 Olympic Games in
Moscow; place an embargo on grain
shipments to the USSR
 War places extreme financial burden on
USSR and worsens relations with US
Solidarity
Solidarity – National trade union started by Lech
Walesa at the Gdansk shipyards; began with protests
over stagnant wages and rising prices and later
evolved into a movement seeking political reforms
Karol Wojtyla (John Paul II) is selected as Pope in 1978; first Polish
Pope in history – helped propel Poland’s struggle against communism
Founder/leader of Solidarity; first
democratically elected president of Poland
since before the beginning of WWII
 Stagnant Economy – large bureaucracy created
economic inefficiency and indifference; military
expenditures led to debt and decreased the
standard of living for citizens in the USSR and its
satellite states
 Rising rates of alcoholism, child mortality and
poor working conditions lead to discontent
 Corruption and complacency of Communist Party
leaders
 Multiethnic nature of USSR (92 ethnic groups, 112
different languages) led to nationalist movements
seeking independence
Free-Market (Capitalist)
Economy
 An economy in which
decisions regarding
production,
distribution and
investment are based
on supply and demand
Planned/Command
Economy (Communist)
 An economic system in
which decisions
regarding production,
distribution and
investment are
embodied in a plan
formulated by a
central authority
USSR
 Government (w/some
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private production)
Product based economy
Shortage of products
Unemployment on the
job
“Durability”
USA
 Private Businesses
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(w/some government
production)
Service-based economy
Shortage of money
Unemployment
Planned obsolescence