Transcript Vocabulary 1919-1929

1919 - 1929
Prohibition
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• Temperance movements began to grow in the early
1800s.
• Carry Nation, a member of the Woman's Christian
Temperance Union, used rocks, hammers, and hatchets to
destroy liquor stores and saloons.
• 18th Amendment to Constitution prohibited
manufacture, sale, transport or import of liquor.
• Volstead Act defined alcoholic beverages and
imposed criminal penalties for violation of the 18th
Amendment.
• Prohibition led to bootlegging (illegal production or
distribution of intoxicating beverages), corruption of
government officials, and speakeasies (secret bars operated
by bootleggers).
• Al Capone was one of the most famous bootlegging
gangsters.
• In 1933, the 21st Amendment, which repealed
Prohibition, was ratified.
Red Scare and the Palmer Raids
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United States worker strikes seemed to be
harbingers of revolution to many in the country.
Fear of revolution fed by anti-German hysteria
and the success of the Bolshevik Revolution.
Bombs sent anonymously through mail to
prominent American leaders encouraged fear.
Attorney General Palmer was a target of a
failed mail bomb.
4,000 arrested as "Communists" and illegal
aliens, but only 556 shown to be in those
categories.
Palmer announced threat of large Communist
riots on May Day of 1920, but none materialized.
Palmer was discredited and the Red Scare
passed.
Post WWI Economy
• High wages during World War I and
European demand continued after conflict.
• Demand led to inflation and a good
economy.
• Increase in prices prompted major strikes by
workers.
Women's Suffrage
• The 19th Amendment provided for women's
suffrage, which had been defeated earlier by
the Senate.
• Ratified by States in 1920.
• Feminists who supported suffrage since the
1860s included Susan B. Anthony,
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Carrie
Chapman Catt.
Sacco and Vanzetti
• Two gunmen robbed a factory and killed two men
in Massachusetts.
• Sacco and Vansetti, Italian immigrants and
anarchists, were tried for the murders.
• Judge Thayer favored prosecution and pushed for
execution.
• Despite years of protesting that they had not
received a fair trial, the men were executed in
1927, reflecting anti-immigrant sentiments in the
United States.
Industrial Changes in the 1920s
and Effects
• Change from steam to electric power allowed
more intricate designs, replacing human workers
• Major research and development projects reduced
production costs and products.
• Expanding industries included automobile,
electricity, chemicals, film, radio, commercial
aviation, and printing.
• Led to overproduction by the 1920s.
Harlem Renaissance
• Term used to describe the growth of AfricanAmerican literature and arts.
• The center of this movement was Harlem, New
York, where many African-Americans moved to
during the early 1900s.
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Southern African-Americans brought jazz to
Harlem and influenced the music scene; at the
same time, writing, sculpting, and photography
grew as art forms.
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Writers from this period include Langston
Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Claude McKay.
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Musicians from this time included Duke
Ellington, Bessie Smith, and Louis Armstong.
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The Great Depression led to the decline of the
renaissance.
Automobile: Economic and
Social Effects
• Stimulated steel, rubber, glass gasoline, and
highway construction industries.
• Created a nation of paved roads.
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The need for new paved roads led to
employment for many.
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Led to increased freedom for young people
and loss of some parental control.
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Tourism increased and rural areas became less
isolated.
Rise in the Standard of Living
during the 1920s
• Advances like indoor plumbing, hot water, central
heating, home appliances, and fresher foods
emerged.
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Many did not have the money to benefit from
these advances.
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Availability of credit rose to allow for
payments by installment periods.
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Sales grew out of advertising through new
media, such as radio.
Marcus Garvey
• Native of Jamaica.
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Advocated black racial pride and separatism
rather than integration.
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Pushed for a return to Africa.
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Developed a following and sold stock in a
steamship line to take migrants to Africa.
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Convicted of fraud after the line went
bankrupt.
Shift in Popular Culture, 1920s
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Change from entertainment through home
and small social groups to commercial, profitmaking activities.
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Movies attracted audiences, and Hollywood
became the movie center of America.
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Professional athletics grew in participation
and popularity, especially baseball, boxing, and
football.
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Tabloids grew in popularity, including the
New York Daily News and Reader's Digest.
Ku Klux Klan in the Early 1900s
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Main purpose was to intimidate blacks, who
experienced an apparent rise in status due to
WWI.
Also opposed Catholics, Jews, and foreignborn.
Klan hired advertising experts to expand
organization.
Charged initiation fees and sold
memorabilia.
The KKK had membership of five million in
1925, which soon began to decline.
Emergency Quota Act
• One of a series of acts by Congress that limited
immigration.
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Immigration limited by nationality to three
percent of the number of foreign-born persons
from that nation that lived in the United States in
1910.
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Designation restricted only certain
nationalities and religious groups.
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In effect, restricted Italians, Greeks, Poles, and
Eastern European Jews.
Warren G. Harding
• 29th president
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Nominated by the Republican Party as a dark
horse candidate.
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Represented opposition to the League of
Nations, low taxes, high tariffs, immigration
restriction, and aid to farmers.
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Harding won the election, repudiating
Wilson's domestic policies toward civil rights.
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Promised return to normalcy.
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Pardoned Eugene V. Debs.
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Gave United States steel workers eight-hour
day.
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Died suddenly during cross-country tour and
was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge.
Teapot Dome Scandal
• Bribery scandal involving President Harding's
Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall.
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Fall secured naval oil reserves in his
jurisdiction.
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Leased reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming,
to two major business owners in exchange for cash
payouts.
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The businessmen were acquitted, but Fall was
imprisoned for bribery, making him the first
cabinet member to go to jail.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
• Increased tariff schedules.
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Tariffs were raised on farm produce to
equalize American and foreign production.
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Gave the president the power to
reduce or increase tariffs by fifty percent
based on advice by the Tariff Commission.
Fiver Power Treaty
• Committed in the United States, Britain,
Japan, France, and Italy to restrict
production of new battleship class ships.
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Pact gave Japan naval supremacy in the
Pacific.
Dawes Plan
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Debt restructuring plan for Germany after
World War I.
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American banks made loans to Germany,
Germany paid reparations to Allies, and Allies
paid back the United States government.
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Cycle based on loans from American banks.
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The plan would play a part in the
development of the Great Depression.
Calvin Coolidge
• 30th president.
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Republican candidate who came to office first
after Harding's death and then after a landslide
victory.
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Avoided responsibility for most of Harding's
cabinet scandals.
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Reputation for honesty.
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Believed in leading through inactivity.
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Stated, "The chief business of the American
people is business."
Creationism and the Scopes Trial
• Fundamentalist Protestants supported Creationism as a
way to prohibit the teaching of evolution in schools.
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Hoped to protect the belief in the literal understanding
of the Bible.
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Scopes, a young Biology teacher, broke the law by
teaching Darwinism and served as a test case for the
ACLU.
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Darwinism was the concept of evolution created by
Charles Robert Darwin and written about in the Origin of
the Species.
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Clarence Darrow defended Scopes, and William
Jennings Bryan defended the Sate of Tennessee.
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Judge refused to allow expert witness testimony.
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Scopes was convicted and later fined $100, which was
later dropped.
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Some states passed anti-evolution laws