Transcript An Emerging World Power 1890-1917

An Emerging World Power
1890-1917
CHAPTER 11
The Roots of Imperialism
 Imperialism is when nations seeks to extend their
political, military, and economic control over weaker
nations

Is the United States imperialistic today?
 In the late 1800s America decided to follow Europe’s
imperialistic behavior into Japan
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Europe used these countries to extract resources like oil, iron,
and tea
wanted to be able to sell their excess manufactured goods in
these countries
The Roots of Imperialism
 New countries to trade with meant prices could
stabilize since they would have new places to sell the
goods
 Imperialists knew that if we were going to expand it
would require going into the oceans to do so
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Alfred T. Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon
History to explain that America’s need to build a large navy
He also said we needed foreign bases to have places to stop for
refueling, etc.
 By 1900 the U.S. had the 3rd largest navy in the world
The Roots of Imperialism
 Imperialists supported the idea that America was
superior and therefore they should exert their
influence on the “lesser” nations
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Social Darwinism, survival of the fittest, was widely
accepted
Manifest Destiny, or the idea that God wanted America to
expand, was also widely accepted—especially because many
felt God wanted Christianity to expand to these nations
The Roots of Imperialism
 Since America already had “sea to shining sea” they
had to look to the Pacific Ocean if they wanted to
keep with their westward movement
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Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Japan, Perry was allowed
there by showering the emperor with gifts
Told them that they should open trade with America
They said yes
 In 1867 Sec. of State William Seward purchased
Alaska for $7.2 million
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This was called “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”
Oil!!! And Cold War
Hawaii?
 Why expand?
 What happened?
 Important People?
 Effect?
Cuba/Puerto Rico
 Why expand?
 What happened?
 Important People?
 Effect?
The Phillipines
 Why expand?
 What happened?
 Important People?
 Effect?
The Spanish-American War
 Spain had been an impressive imperialistic nation in
the 1600-1700s

By the end of the 1800s it was left with the Philippines, Puerto
Rico, and Cuba
 What happened to cause the Spanish American War?
 Yellow journalism were exaggerated stories used
to gain support for the rebels
 William Randolph Hearst was the leader in
publishing these stories
The Spanish-American War
 McKinley sent the U.S.S. Maine down to Havana to
protect the Americans who lived there
 A Spanish Ambassador wrote a letter stating that
McKinley was weak and stupid, Hearst published the
letter

Jingoism, or aggressive nationalism, was fueled by this
article
 the Maine blew up in Havana killing 266
 An investigation was done by the Navy -declared that
it was a mine

it was actually an accident
The Spanish-American War
 Spain agreed to make concessions and end concentration
camps but it was too late
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On April 11, 1898 America declared war on Spain
It included the Teller Amendment -U.S. would NOT annex Cuba
 Commodore George Dewey led the Americans in battle
against the Spaniards in the Philippines
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400 Spanish died, 0 Americans
 U.S. Marines captured Guantanamo Bay in Cuba
 T. Roosevelt led the Rough Riders into battle
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San Juan Hill
 The Spanish tried to escape but the Americans had
created a blockade to prevent them
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they surrendered
The Spanish-American War
 The Treaty of Paris forced Spain to give Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and Guam up as well as sell the
Philippines to the US for $20 million
 Anti-imperialists vs Imperialists
 Keep the Philippines- came down to one vote
 1900 opened with America as a new empire and
strongly involved in world affairs
The United States and East Asia
 After the Spanish American War, America kept the
Philippines
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Emilio Aguinaldo, who had helped the US expel Spanish forces
thought that American would let the Filipinos become independent
When they did not, he led a revolt against the Americans- guerilla
warfare
told not to take prisoners, that killing the Filipinos would be better
 War is always more costly in all ways when you fight
against someone using guerrilla tactics- 100,000 troops
and 400 million dollars
 William Howard Taft become governor of the Philippines
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He ordered construction of bridges, schools, etc.
Jones Act -the Philippines would eventually have independence
(came during World War II)
China/Japan
 Why expand?
 What happened?
 Important People?
 Effect?
The United States and East Asia
 In 1899 China had weakened but nations still wanted
access to trade with the largely populated nation
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Europe and Japan divided China into “spheres of influence”
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The nation that controlled that sphere was the “preferred nation”
for trading in the region
US did not have a sphere
 John Hay set up the concept of open trade with
China
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While Europe/Japan didn’t immediately react, this would
become the guidelines for the U.S.’s foreign policy/trade
The United States and East Asia
 All the foreign influence in China caused the Chinese
to become nativist
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They joined secret societies, including one called the Righteous
and Harmonious Fists (martial arts group) that was
nicknamed the Boxers
The Boxers grew more aggressive toward foreigners until they
killed foreign missionaries and overthrew the diplomats’
district in Beijing- (Boxer Rebellion)
When it had ended Europe began demanding payment for the
things that the Boxers had destroyed
The United States and East Asia
 The Boxers grew angry again
 John Hay restated the idea of open trade
 Open Door Policy
 America didn’t want to colonize China, just trade
 To show China that they were serious, they took the money that was given to
them from the Boxer Rebellion and used it to fund scholarship for Chinese
students to study in the U.S.
 Japan had disagreed with China being carved up by the Europeans
 They especially didn’t like that Russia had settled in Manchuria
 Japan attacked Russia’s Pacific fleet, then moved on land to continue attacking
Russia
 In 1905 Russian and Japan came to New Hampshire to discuss a
peace treaty
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Talks stalled, so T.R. stepped in and helped them come to an agreement
T.R. won the Nobel peace Prize for this effort which showed America’s growing
influence in world affairs
The United States and East Asia
 Anti-Asian attitudes were on the rise in the U.S.,
especially on the West Coast
 San Francisco banned Koreans, Chinese, and
Japanese from going to public school
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The Japanese were outraged
They called for their government to stand up for their honor
 T.R. did not approve of San Francisco’s decision
 He worked out a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” by having San
Francisco end its racist policy if Japan agreed to limit
immigration to the United States