Transcript Chapter Eighteen Power Point

FORMER ALLIES CLASH
 Controlling the economy: the U.S. vs. the
Soviet Union*
 Controlling the govt.: the U.S. vs. the
Soviet Union*
 U.S. angry that Stalin supported
Germany for some time
 Stalin angry over Allies not opening a
Western front and the secret of the
atomic bomb
United Nations*
 U.S. and Soviet Union use this to spread
influence to others
 Stalin does not keep his promises at
Yalta—no free elections or democracies
 Big Three meet again at Potsdam—
discuss war reparations from Germany*
 U.S., during war, is an economic leader—
want to grow by extending trade with
Eastern Europe (we want democracies)

Soviets also emerged as an economic
and military powerhouse from the war
 Yet, they suffered heavy casualties from
the war
 To prevent further invasions from the
West, they felt they had claim to Eastern
Europe
 Satellite nations*
 Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania, and Poland

Containment*
 Europe is, now, divided by the iron
curtain* pg. 605 in textbook
COLD WAR IN EUROPE
 Cold War*
 Turkey and Greece cannot be
supported financially by Britain
 Truman and U.S. fear Soviet influence—
create Truman Doctrine*

Most of Western Europe dealing with
problems of destruction by the war,
refugees wandering, and a terrible winter
ruining crops
 Marshall Plan*
SUPERPOWERS STRUGGLE OVER GERMANY
 End of WWII, Germany divided into four
zones: U.S., France, Great Britain, and Soviet
Union
 City of Berlin also divided with West vs. East

G.B., Fr., and U.S. unify
W. Germany; on their
way to unify Berlin
 Stalin uses this as an
opportunity to close all
highways and railroads
leading into city
 Berlin Airlift*
 Soviets give up just
after a year

As a result of the Soviet blockade,
Western Europe begins to fear the
decisions of the Soviets
 United States, Canada, Belgium,
Denmark, France, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Greece, Turkey,
West Germany, and Portugal form
NATO*

CHINA BECOMES A
COMMUNIST COUNTRY
 Chiang Kai-shek*
 Ruler of Southern and
Eastern China; had a
corrupt govt.
 Collected a grain tax
during a famine
 Was a 10,000 percent
increase; people
protested and his
secret police opened
fire on them




Mao Zedong*
Leader of Northern
China
Win peasant support
with helping them to
read, fight against
famine, and
promising land
reform
Communist Red
Army grows





With the defeat of Japan at the end of
WWII, civil war breaks out between the two
groups
44-47 U.S. fails to negotiate peace
Truman does not send troops to the
Nationalists gives them two billion in supplies
and equipment
Not enough to help for two reasons*
Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan* and rest of China
becomes Communist
Conservative Democrats and Republicans
attack Truman for this loss
 Believed we put more effort into Europe
rather than Asia
THE KOREAN WAR
 38th Parallel*
 South: Republic of Korea, capital is Seoul;
Syngman Rhee is leader
 North: Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea; capital is Pyongyang; Kim Il Sung is
leader




Korean War*
United Nations joins
with S. Korea
Truman orders troops
stationed in Japan
to support the South;
stations a fleet
between Taiwan
and China
THE UNITED STATES FIGHTS IN KOREA
 N. Korea captures Seoul; it drives S.
Korean troops and U.N. into Pusan
 General Douglas MacArthur launches a
counterattack with heavy artillery, fresh
troops, and tanks at Inchon
 Other troops move into Pusan—traps N.
Korean forces between two groups
 Reach as far as the Yalu River—China on
the other side
Now, China joins with
N. Korea for two
reasons*
 Drive the U.N. and
MacArthur into S.
Korea; opposing
forces take Seoul
 For two years, neither
side makes an
advance
 MacArthur calls for
nuclear weapons
against China; Truman
refuses*







MacArthur still pushes full war against China
He speaks and writes privately to
newspapers and magazines about his
views; criticizes Truman
Truman fires MacArthur*
Soviet Union suggests a cease-fire in 51
Takes two years to settle; 38th Parallel does
not move and war ends in stalemate
End results for Americans*
Anti-Communist Propaganda
FEAR OF COMMUNIST INFLUENCE
 Americans fear the takeover of Eastern
European countries and China; plus,
there was a communist party in the U.S.
 Federal Employee Loyalty Program*
 3.2 million investigated; 212 dismissed;
2,900 resigned





House of Un-American
Activities Committee*
Believed films were
trying to sneak in
Communist
propaganda
43 “friendly” witnesses
support the presence
of communism
Hollywood Ten*
Blacklist*
SPY CASES STUN THE
NATION
 Alger Hiss*
 Chambers produces
microfilm of govt.
docs. typed by Hiss
 Hiss is convicted of
perjury and
sentenced to jail





Sept. 3, 1949Soviets
test atomic bomb
Was not supposed to
happen until three to
five years later
U.S. believed secrets
have been leaked
Klaus Fuchs admitted
to giving away info.
Ethel and Julius
Rosenberg*
MCCARTHY LAUNCHES
HIS WITCH-HUNT
 Senator Joseph
McCarthy*
 McCarthyism*
 Claimed he had
varying numbers of
names of people in
the Senate; accuses
Democrats of “20
years of treason”
Republicans did not speak out against
him; they thought this would help them
win the next pres. election
 McCarthy made accusations against
U.S. Army; became a nationally televised
court proceeding
 He loses support from people due to
bullying witnesses; Senate criticizes him
for improper conduct
 Dies three years later from alchoholism

Living on the Edge
BRINKSMANSHIP RULES
U.S. POLICY
 Soviet Union and the
United States
participate in an arms
race
 H-bomb*
 Soviets build it first in 53
 Dwight Eisenhower*
 John Foster Dulles and
brinksmanship*
THE COLD WAR SPREADS AROUND THE
WORLD
 Eisenhower forms the Central
Intelligence Agency due to arms race*
 Prime minister of Iran takes over oil fields
in his country that belong to Britain
 Britain stops buying Iranian oil; causes
Iranian economy to falter
 Feared the prime minister might ask
Soviets for help
Gave several million dollars to people
against the prime minister
 Wanted pro-American Shah of Iran to
return to power; he came back and
gave oil fields to Western companies
 CIA also looked at Guatemala--mad
because their govt. gave away 200,000
acres of American land to peasants
 Our response*

West Germany now allowed to rearm
and join NATO, out of fear, the Soviet
Union forms the Warsaw Pact* pg. 624
 1955 Britain and U.S. agree to finance
construction of a dam on the Nile River
 Gamal Abdel-Nassar, Egypt’s head of
govt. plays the U.S. and Soviets against
each other*
 U.S. finds out and withdraws a loan given
to Egypt





Egypt takes over British and
French controlled end of
Suez Canal; refused to
allow ships bound for Israel
pass through
Three countries send out
troops to gain
Mediterranean end; UN
stops fighting and forces
them to withdraw
Egypt keeps control of the
canal
During this time, Soviets
support Egypt, so the
Eisenhower Doctrine is
formed*
THE COLD WAR TAKES
TO THE SKIES
 Stalin dies in 53;
replaced by Nikita
Khruschev*
 They launch
Sputnik—causes U.S.
to catch up
 CIA begins making
secret flights over the
Soviet Union




Americans are afraid
of these flights for
two reasons*
Eisenhower was
afraid but was
persuaded to do
one more flight
Francis Gary Powers’
plane is shot down
Eisenhower’s
reaction*