Transcript Spanish American War - Origins and Imperialismx

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR AND
IMPERIALISM
MONROE DOCTRINE
 President
James Monroe
 US does not want European
influence or colonization of
the Americas
 Granted amnesty to European
nations who already had
colonies
 Inspired by recent success in
South American and Mexican
wars of Independence
This guy ^
DISCUSS

Why did the US feel a need to pass this doctrine?
WHITE BOARD

What nation seems to have the most territory?
WHY IMPERIALISM 3 REASONS
1) Economic: Desire for new markets and
raw materials
2) Military: Desire for naval bases and
coaling stations
3) Ideology: Desire to bring Christianity,
western culture, and democracy to other
people.
 Idea that Europeans were superior and
had to “civilize” the world
U.S. SCRAMBLE FOR TERRITORY
•
•
The United States
entered the
imperialist
competition later
than the European
powers
U.S. begins
imperialist policies
with Hawaii
TAKING OVER HAWAII
 Bayonet
ConstitutionAmerican business leaders
forced the king of Hawaii
to sign.
 Gave political control of
Hawaii to American
sugar planters in Hawaii
 For profits for business
 Queen Liliuokalani
surrenders Hawaii in
1893.
 1898 Hawaii annexed
Queen Liliuokalani ^
DISCUSSION

Which of the reasons for
Imperialism pushed the
US to want Hawaii?
THE CUBAN FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE:
JUSTIFICATION FOR MORE TERRITORIES
 The
Cuban people were
fighting against Spain for
independence
 Moral cause for war with
Spain under Monroe
Doctrine


Could result in gaining taking
of their over seas territories
The Public and government
had to be in favor of this fight.
SPANISH GOVERNMENT INCREASED BRUTALITY
 General
Valeriano Wayler was brought
in to end the rebellion in 1890’s
 Nicknamed the “Butcher”
 Reconcentration – These were fortified
concentration camps for inhabitants of
more rebellious territories
 All inhabitants forced to live with in the
camps
 causing widespread hunger and
spread of Disease
 effective in calming rebellion but at high
civilian cost
DISCUSSION

How do we get info from other nations?
THE YELLOW PRESS
The situation in Cuba angered many
Americans
 Large Newspaper companies sent
reports to cover situation
 Joseph Pulitzer- New York World
 William Randolph Hearst- New
York Journal
 Played on Fear of Spain’s Catholic
Connection
 Sensationalize acts of violence
against Cuban people(many were
true)
 Papers made huge profits

DE LÔME LETTER
Private letter from Spanish
Ambassador is Published by
the New York Journal
 characterizes U.S. President
McKinley as "weak"
 Portrayed the US as
immature, militarily weak,
and lacking in diplomatic skill
 Pushed more anger towards
Spain

ECONOMIC INTEREST IN CUBA
 There
was many major
US companies affected
by violence in Cuba
 Companies wanted a
settled peace in protect
economic interests
 Sugar, Shipping, and
Tobacco companies
 Companies urged US
government to
intervene.
DISCUSSION

What type of event would push the US to go to
war with Spain?
IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF SPAM
 Still
tension: Cubans
wanted full
independence
 The USS Maine Naval
ship went to oversee
the situations
 Feb 15, 1898 the Maine
explodes in Havana
Harbor killing 266
sailors
 Spain was blamed
USS Maine ^

Journalists
published false
stories of the USS
Maine

WAR
 Urged
by McKinley Congress
passes $50 Million bill to
increase the Military
 US investigations say there
was an exterior ignitions
(Spain?)


justification for war with Spain
Yellow Press began to blame
Spain and Public opinion for
war grew
 April
20th 1898 The US
officially declared war with
Spain
IMPORTANT DATES: OF THE WAR
 May
1, 1898: U.S. defeat the Spanish fleet at
Manila Bay in the Philippines.
 July 1, 1898: U.S. forces defeat the Spanish at
the Battle of San Juan Heights.
 July 17, 1898: The Spanish surrender at
Santiago.
 August 12, 1898: Cease fire between US and
Spain
 December 10, 1898: The Treaty of Paris is
signed by U.S. and Spain.
 February 6, 1899. Treaty is ratified U.S.
acquires control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam
and the Philippines
STOP TALKING DUDDLES!
LECTURE II: IMPACT OF THE WAR AND
BIG STICK DIPLOMACY
DETAILS OF THE TREATY OF PARIS 1898
 Spain surrendered control of
Cuba, the Philippines, Guam,
Puerto Rico, and parts of the
West Indies.
 US paid 20 million to the Spain
 Cuba occupied not an American
territory
 End of the Spanish empire in
the Americas and the Pacific
Islands
 Start of US becoming a world
power.
 Filipino now demand
independence from US
DISCUSS

Positives for the US in the treaty and drawbacks.
IMPACT OF THE WAR FOR THE US
 It
was a popular war that United the
nation after the civil war.
 Moral cause of Liberating Cuba
 By the end of the war the US joined the
ranks of the world power
 The president was seen as equal with
European powers.
POLITICAL IMPACT

Theodore Roosevelt’s rise to political
power in the United States.

As the hero of the Battle of San Juan
Hill,
Was President from 1901-1909 2
terms as President
 He would go on to expand American
Influence in the Americas

DISCUSSION

List other
Presidents that
had a military
history that helped
them gain power.
ANNEXATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Fears of Annexation
 An organization known as
the Anti-Imperialist
League arose in the US
 Fear of increased Filipino
Immigrations and Money
spent of the territory and
not wanting to be an
imperial power
WHITE BOARD

List territories that were gained and which was
the only independent one.
THE TREATY OF PARIS WAS PASSED BY TWOTHIRDS OF THE SENATE IN 1899
Reasons for Passage and Territories
 Benefits of trade, natural resources, and Military outpost
near Asia.
 suggested that the sooner the US annexed the Philippines,
Guam, and Puerto Rico, the sooner the US could prepare
them for independence.
FILIPINOS FIGHT THE US
Filipinos fought with
Americans against Spain
 Filipinos wanted the US to
leave and give them
Independence
 US made Philippines a
territory Filipinos felt
betrayed.

FILIPINOS CLAIM INDEPENDENCE
On Jan 23, 1899, the Filipinos proclaimed an
independent republic and elected long-time nationalist
Emilio Aguinaldo president.
 US fought Aguinaldo to control the Islands

DISCUSS:
WHAT IS THIS
CARTOON SAYING?
FILIPINO REBELLION
CRUSHED
US sent in reinforcements to put
down this government.
 War lasted nearly 3 years with over
4000 US deaths and over 20,000
Filipino deaths
 On March 23, 1901, the US finally
put down the Filipino revolt by
capturing Aguinaldo.
 US would go on to set up naval and
Army bases in the Philippines
 Philippines gained independence in
1946 after WWI

INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
 The
U.S., after the SpanishAmerican expansionists who
wanted to annex Cuba.
 Cuba would be a Protectorate:
Independent nation protected
and influenced by the US
felt that a foreign power (outside of
the U.S.) would control a portion of
Cuba,
 Teller Amendment, which states only
intervene to bring peace to Island


Once done the US must allow people to
govern themselves
DISCUSS

Why do you feel the US made the Cuba a protectorate
and not the Philippines?
PLATT AMENDMENT 1901
 Cuba pledged herself not to incur an
indebtedness beyond her means
 The United States was at liberty to
intervene for the purpose of preserving
order and maintaining Cuban
independence.
 Cuba would agree to an Americansponsored sanitation
 Cuba would agree to sell or lease to the
United States sites for naval or coaling
stations [Guantánamo became the
principal base].
 By 1903 US Troops would leave mainland
Cuba
DISCUSS

“Speak softly and carry a big stick” what does this
quote mean?
BIG STICK
DIPLOMACY




Asserted U.S Dominance when
such dominance was
considered important.
Motive to increase the military
to have better diplomatic
influence over other nations
The idea of negotiating
peacefully, simultaneously
threatening with the “big
stick”,
West African proverb, “Speak
softly and carry a big stick”
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904
Extension of the Monroe
Doctrine
 US will intervene in conflicts
between European and Latin
American countries.
 1905, Dominican Republic was
in jeopardy of invasion by
European debt collectors.
 US invaded ruled the
Dominican Republic as a
protectorate until the situation
was stabilized.

DISCUSS

How was the Dominican Republic Issues an example
of Big Stick Diplomacy?
BUILDING
A
CANAL
Construction of the
Nicaraguan Canal
 In 1901,
 Nicaragua $1.5 million in
ratification
 $100,000 annually



Nicaragua wanted $6
million dollars on
ratification.
NO DEAL
DISCUSS WHY A CANAL IS SO IMPORTANT
ECONOMICALLY
PANAMA CANAL
Panama was then a small
portion of Colombia)
 Colombia and the French
company raised prices for
canal building Materials
 Colombia was not willing to
give US control to Canal
region.
 U.S. “engineered a
revolution” in Panama to
liberate from Colombia.

ON NOVEMBER 3, 1903, PANAMA FREE
With US Naval support
Panama revolted and won
independence from
Colombia.
Panama gained
• new republic,
• receiving $10 million from
the U.S.
• annual payment of
$250,000,
US Gained
• rights to the canal strip “in
perpetuity.”
•
PART III
Continuation of US
Intervention in Latin
America
NEOCOLONIALISM

Neocolonialism (18801930) is an informal
“colonization” in which
Latin American
countries, though
independent,
experienced occasional
military intervention
and overpowering
economic and cultural
influence from Great
Britain, France, and the
U.S. Paternalism
TAFT AND DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
■
President Taft took over after
TR & continued an aggressive
foreign policy, called “Dollar
Diplomacy”
Use U.S. wealth rather than
military strength in foreign
policy
– In Latin America, U.S. banks
assumed debts to Europe
– Taft’s attempts to build
railroads in China alienated
Japan & ended the Open Door
Policy
–
MORAL DIPLOMACY: PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON
■
■
He believed that Moral Diplomacy could bring peace &
democracy to the world without militarism & war
Wilson talked of “human rights” in Latin America, but
defended the Monroe Doctrine & intervened more than
Roosevelt or Taft
Wilson apologized to
Colombia for U.S.
support of the
Panamanian revolt
To which TR replied:
“I didn’t steal the Panama Canal…I
built it”
HOOVER’S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
 President
Herbert Hoover on a goodwill trip to
Latin America soon after his election in 1928.
In Honduras, he announced

"We have a desire to maintain not only the cordial
relations of governments with each other, but also
the relations of good neighbors."
 The
intention was to mend relations with
Latin American countries after they criticized
The Coolidge Administration
Criticized armed interventions in Haiti and
Nicaragua.
 U.S. relations with Latin America were at an alltime low.

THE CLARK MEMORANDUM

Rejects the notion that the Roosevelt Corollary is part
of the Monroe Doctrine
 U.S. has an interest in Latin America for the
purpose of self-preservation
 primary purpose of the Doctrine was to protect
Latin American nations from intervention by
European powers,
 Not to victimize or oppress Latin American nations
 The
Clark Memo was the foundation of
Hoover’s Good Neighbor Policy
DISCUSSION

Based on the information,
what does the illustration
represent?
FDR’S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
 In
President Franklin Roosevelt's inaugural
address, he also promised to improve relations
with Latin America by stating:

"In the field of world policy, I dedicate this nation to
the policy of the good neighbor — the neighbor who
resolutely respects himself and, because he does so,
respects the rights of others."
 FDR’s
Sec. of State, Cordell Hull
Sought to ensure non-hostile neighbors south of the
border and
 secure Latin American cooperation in the war effort
by maintaining the flow of petroleum & raw
materials.

FDR’S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
 Under



Hulls stewardship:
Low tariffs improved the economies of the Latin
American
Hull convened the Seventh Montevideo-PanAmerican Conference in 1933 in Uruguay, where he
committed to a policy of non-intervention into the
affairs of Latin American countries.
U.S. Marines were removed from Haiti in 1934 and
Congress signed a treaty with Cuba nullifying the
Platt Amendment
CONCLUSION

After the Spanish-American War, the USA assumed an
aggressive foreign policy:


In order to maintain order, forestall foreign intervention, &
protect U.S. economic interests
By the outbreak of WWI, the USA had seen its foreign policy
evolve from strict neutrality, to imperialist