Transcript Spanish American War and Imperialism

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR AND
IMPERIALISM
MONROE DOCTRINE
 President
James Monroe
US does not want European
influence or colonization of
the Americas
 Granted amnesty to
European nations who
already had colonies


Inspired by recent success in
South American and Mexican
wars of Independence
DISCUSS

Why did the US feel a need to pass this doctrine?
http://www.iranreview.org/file/cms/files/i
mperialism1900.gif
WHITE BOARD

What nation seems to have the most territory?
WHY IMPERIALISM 3 REASONS
Economic: Desire for new markets
and raw materials
1)
2) Military: Desire for naval bases and
coaling stations
 3)
Ideology: Desire to bring Christianity,
western culture, and democracy to other
people.
 Idea that European were superior and
had to “civilize” the world
U.S. SCRAMBLE FOR TERRITORY
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•
The United States entered
the imperialist competition
later than the European
powers
U.S. begins imperialist
policies with Hawaii
TAKING OVER HAWAII
 Bayonet ConstitutionAmerican business leaders
forced the king of Hawaii
to sign.


Gave political control of
Hawaii to American sugar
planters in Hawaii
For profits for business
Queen
Liliuokalani
surrenders Hawaii in
1893.

1898 Hawaii annexed
WHITE BOARD
Which of the reasons for Imperialism pushed the
US to want Hawaii?
 Discuss your answer

THE CUBAN FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE
:JUSTIFICATION FOR MORE TERRITORIES
 The Cuban people were
fighting against Spain for
independence
 Moral cause for war with
Spain under Monroe
Doctrine


Could result in gaining taking
of their over seas territories
The Public and government
had to be in favor of this fight.
SPANISH GOVERNMENT INCREASED BRUTALITY
 General
Valeriano Wayler was
brought in to end the rebellion in
1890’s

Nicknamed the “Butcher”
 Reconcentration
– These were
fortified concentration camps for
inhabitants of more rebellious
territories
 All inhabitants forced to live with in
the camps

causing widespread hunger and spread
of Disease
 effective
in calming rebellion but at
high civilian cost
WHITE BOARD

How do we get info from other nations?
YELLOW PRESS
 The
situation in Cuba angered
many Americans
 Large Newspaper companies
sent reports to cover situation





Joseph Pulitzer- New York World
William Randolph Hearst- New
York Journal
Played on Fear of Spain’s
Catholic Connection
Sensationalize acts of violence
against Cuban people(many were
true)
Papers made huge profits
DE LÔME LETTER
Private letter from
Spanish Ambassador is
Published by the New York
Journal
 characterizes U.S.
President McKinley as
"weak"
 Portrayed the US as
immature, militarily weak,
and lacking in diplomatic
skill
 Pushed more anger
towards Spain

ECONOMIC INTEREST IN CUBA
 There was many
major US companies
affected by violence in
Cuba
 Companies wanted a
settled peace in
protect economic
interests

Sugar, Shipping, and
Tobacco companies
 Companies
urged US
gov to intervene.
WHITE BOARD

What type of event would push the US to go to
war with Spain?
IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF SPAM
 Still tension: Cubans
wanted full
independence
 The USS Maine Naval
ship went to oversee
the situations
 Feb 15, 1898 the Maine
explodes in Havana
Harbor killing 266
sailors
 Spain was blamed
WAR
 Urged
by McKinley Congress
passes $50 Million bill to
increase the Military
 US investigations say there was
an exterior ignitions(Spain?)


justification for war with Spain
Yellow Press began to blame Spain
and Public opinion for war grew
 April
20th 1898 The US officially
declared war with Spain
IMPORTANT DATES: OF THE WAR
May 1, 1898: U.S. defeat the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay
in the Philippines.
 July 1, 1898: U.S. forces defeat the Spanish at the Battle
of San Juan Heights.
 July 17, 1898: The Spanish surrender at Santiago.
 August 12, 1898: Cease fire between US and Spain
 December 10, 1898: The Treaty of Paris is signed by
U.S. and Spain.
 February 6, 1899. Treaty is ratified U.S. acquires control
over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines

II IMPACT OF THE WAR AND BIG STICK
DIPLOMACY
DETAILS OF THE TREATY OF PARIS 1898
 Spain surrendered control of
Cuba, the Philippines, Guam,
Puerto Rico, and parts of the
West Indies.
 US paid 20 million to the Spain
 Cuba occupied not an American
territory
 End of the Spanish empire in
the Americas and the Pacific
Islands
 Start of US becoming a world
power.
 Filipino now demand
independence from US
DISCUSS

Positives for the US in the treaty and drawbacks
IMPACT OF THE WAR FOR THE US
 It
was a popular war that United the
nation after the civil war.
 Moral cause of Liberating Cuba
 By the end of the war the US joined the
ranks of the world power
 The president was seen as equal with
European powers.
POLITICAL IMPACT
Theodore
Roosevelt’s rise
to political power in the
United States.
 As
the hero of the Battle of
San Juan Hill,
Was
President from
1901-1909 2 terms as
President
He would go on to
expand American
Influence in the
Americas
WHITE BOARD

List other Presidents that had a military history
that helped them gain power.
ANNEXATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Fears of Annexation
 An organization known as
the Anti-Imperialist
League arose in the US
 Fear of increased Filipino
Immigrations and Money
spent of the territory and
not wanting to be an
imperial power
WHITE BOARD

List territories that were gained and which was
the only independent one.
THE TREATY OF PARIS WAS PASSED BY TWOTHIRDS OF THE SENATE IN 1899
Reasons for Passage and Territories
 Benefits of trade, natural resources, and Military outpost
near Asia.
 suggested that the sooner the US annexed the Philippines,
Guam, and Puerto Rico, the sooner the US could prepare
them for independence.
FILIPINOS FIGHT THE US
Filipinos fought with
Americans against Spain
 Filipinos wanted the US to
leave and give them
Independence
 US made Philippines a
territory Filipinos felt
betrayed.

FILIPINOS CLAIM INDEPEDENCE
On Jan 23, 1899, the Filipinos proclaimed an
independent republic and elected long-time
nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo president.
 US fought Aguinaldo to control the Islands

WHAT IS THIS
CARTOON SAYING?
FILIPINO REBELLION
CRUSHED
US sent in reinforcements to put
down this government.
 War lasted nearly 3 years with over
4000 US deaths and over 20,000
Filipino deaths
 On March 23, 1901, the US finally
put down the Filipino revolt by
capturing Aguinaldo.
 US would go on to set up naval and
Army bases in the Philippines
 Philippines gained independence in
1946 after WWII

INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
 The U.S., after the SpanishAmerican expansionists who
wanted to annex Cuba.
 Cuba would be a Protectorate:
Independent nation protected
and influenced by the US
felt that a foreign power (outside of
the U.S.) would control a portion of
Cuba,
 Teller Amendment, which states only
intervene to bring peace to Island


Once done the US must allow people to
govern themselves
DISCUSS

Why do you feel the US made the Cuba a
protectorate and not the Philippines?
PLATT AMENDMENT 1901
 Cuba pledged herself not to incur an
indebtedness beyond her means
 The United States was at liberty to
intervene for the purpose of preserving
order and maintaining Cuban
independence.
 Cuba would agree to an Americansponsored sanitation
 Cuba would agree to sell or lease to the
United States sites for naval or coaling
stations [Guantánamo became the
principal base].
 By 1903 US Troops would leave mainland
Cuba
DISCUSS

“Speak softly and carry a big stick” what does
this quote mean?
BIG STICK
DIPLOMACY




Asserted U.S Dominance when
such dominance was
considered important.
Motive to increase the military
to have better diplomatic
influence over other nations
The idea of negotiating
peacefully, simultaneously
threatening with the “big
stick”,
West African proverb, “Speak
softly and carry a big stick”
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904
Extension of the Monroe
Doctrine
 US will intervene in conflicts
between European and Latin
American countries.
 1905, Dominican Republic was
in jeopardy of invasion by
European debt collectors.
 US invaded ruled the
Dominican Republic as a
protectorate until the situation
was stabilized.

DISCUSS

How was the Dominican Republic Issues an
example of Big Stick Diplomacy
PART III
Continuation of US
intervention in Latin
America
NEOCOLONIALISM

Neocolonialism (18801930) is an informal
“colonization” in which
Latin American
countries, though
independent,
experienced occasional
military intervention
and overpowering
economic and cultural
influence from Great
Britain, France, and the
U.S. Paternalism
BUILDING
A
CANAL
Construction of the
Nicaraguan Canal
 In 1901,
 Nicaragua $1.5 million in
ratification
 $100,000 annually



Nicaragua wanted $6
million dollars on
ratification.
NO DEAL
DISCUSS WHY A CANAL IS SO IMPORTANT
ECONOMICALLY
PANAMA CANAL
Panama was then a small
portion of Colombia)
 Colombia and the French
company raised prices for
canal building Materials
 Colombia was not willing to
give US control to Canal
region.
 U.S. “engineered a
revolution” in Panama to
liberate from Colombia.

ON NOVEMBER 3, 1903, PANAMA FREE
With US Naval support
Panama revolted and won
independence from
Colombia.
Panama gained
• new republic,
• receiving $10 million from
the U.S.
• annual payment of
$250,000,
US Gained
• rights to the canal strip “in
perpetuity.”
• https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=-vi19z4LEi0
•
TAFT AND DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
■
President Taft took over after TR &
continued an aggressive foreign policy,
called “Dollar Diplomacy”
Use U.S. wealth rather than military
strength in foreign policy
– In Latin America, U.S. banks assumed debts
to Europe
– Taft’s attempts to build railroads in China
alienated Japan & ended the Open Door
Policy
–
White Board:
– What would the US want in return?
–
MORAL DIPLOMACY: PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON
■
■
He believed that Moral Diplomacy could bring peace &
democracy to the world without militarism & war
Wilson talked of “human rights” in Latin America, but
defended the Monroe Doctrine & intervened more than
Roosevelt or Taft
Wilson apologized to
Colombia for U.S.
support of the
Panamanian revolt
To which TR replied:
“I didn’t steal the Panama Canal…I
built it”
HOOVER’S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
 President
Herbert Hoover on a goodwill trip to
Latin America soon after his election in 1928.
In Honduras, he announced

"We have a desire to maintain not only the cordial
relations of governments with each other, but also
the relations of good neighbors."
 The
intention was to mend relations with
Latin American countries after they criticized
The Coolidge Administration
Criticized armed interventions in Haiti and
Nicaragua.
 U.S. relations with Latin America were at an alltime low.

WHITE BOARD

List laws or agreements that allowed the US to
intervene in Latin America
THE CLARK MEMORANDUM

Rejects the notion that the Roosevelt Corollary is part
of the Monroe Doctrine
 U.S. has an interest in Latin America for the
purpose of self-preservation
 primary purpose of the Doctrine was to protect
Latin American nations from intervention by
European powers,
 Not to victimize or oppress and benefit ourselves
from Latin American nations
 The
Clark Memo was the foundation of
Hoover’s Good Neighbor Policy
DISCUSSION

Based on the information,
what does the illustration
represent?
FDR’S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
 In
President Franklin Roosevelt's inaugural
address, he also promised to improve relations
with Latin America by stating:

"In the field of world policy, I dedicate this nation to
the policy of the good neighbor — the neighbor who
resolutely respects himself and, because he does so,
respects the rights of others."
 FDR’s
Sec. of State, Cordell Hull
Sought to ensure non-hostile neighbors south of the
border and
 secure Latin American cooperation in the war effort
by maintaining the flow of petroleum & raw
materials.

FDR’S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY



Low tariffs improved the economies of the Latin
American
policy of non-intervention into the affairs of Latin
American countries.
U.S. Marines were removed from Haiti in 1934 and
Congress signed a treaty with Cuba nullifying the
Platt Amendment
CONCLUSION

After the Spanish-American War, the USA
assumed an aggressive foreign policy:
In order to maintain order, forestall foreign
intervention, & protect U.S. economic interests
 By the outbreak of WWI, the USA had seen its
foreign policy evolve from strict neutrality, to
imperialist
