Transcript WWI: US Involvement and Consequences

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WWI in Europe
Unit 8 Part 1
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World War I 1914-1919
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Europe Prior to WWI
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Long-term Causes of WWI
1.
Nationalism- Self-interest and success guided
each state’s actions. They would use war to
preserve their power.
2.
Alliances- Countries felt if they had others on their
side they could win a war.
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Alliances
 Europe’s
powerful countries were divided into
alliances during the age of colonialism and
expansion in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s.
 Triple
Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
 Triple
Entente- France, Great Britain, and Russia.
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Long-term Causes of WWI
3. Internal Dissent- Socialists labor
movements had emerged due to labor strife
and class division. Some leaders thought
fighting a war would allow an opportunity to
suppress potential revolts.
4. Militarism- European armies doubled in size
between 1890-1914. Mass armies ensured
that any war would be highly destructive.
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MANIA
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What does it all mean?
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The Outbreak of War
 Serbia,
supported by Russia, had been wanting to
create a larger country of its own. Austria-Hungary
had a large Serb population and would not allow that
to happen.
 Archduke
Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne in
Austria-Hungary, visited Bosnia with his wife Sophia.
 Gavrilo
Princip, a Bosnian Serb, shot and killed the
Archduke and his wife during a parade.
 He
wanted Bosnia to be free from Austria-Hungary
and become part of Serbia.
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Franz Ferdinand and Sophia
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Gavrilo Princip Captured
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Ferdinand’s Jacket
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Response to Assasination
 Austria-Hungary’s
government wanted to
attack Serbia, even though Princip wasn’t
acting on their behalf.
 A-H
thought Russia would assist Serbia, so
they asked Germany for assistance.
issued a “blank check,”
promising full support of A-H if they started
fighting other countries. July 28, 1914 A-H
declared war on Serbia.
 Germany
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Further Response
 Russia
began to mobilize for war when Serbia is
attacked. This in turn causes Germany to prepare for
war.
 Many
German leaders knew France would get
involved because of its alliance with Russia, so they
planned to attack them early in the war.
 “Schlieffen
Plan” called for German troops to fight
Russia on one front and invade France at the same
time.
 Germany
had to violate Belgium neutrality in order to
get to France, so then England declared war on
Germany.
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Western Front
 Germans
and the Allies became stalemated in
“trench warfare” on the Western Front.
 Neither
side could get the other to move.
 Trenches
were protected by barbed wire and
opposing armies would have to cross open fields
to get to the enemy.
 Both
sides would stay in the same position for
years.
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Trench Warfare
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Trench Warfare
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Trench Warfare
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Trench Warfare
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The Great Slaughter
 Trenches
became elaborate systems of defense.
French had system of trenches several hundred
miles long.
 Trenches
were protected by machine gun
emplacements and heavy artillery.
 Enemy
trenches were separated by strip of land
known as“no man’s land.”
 In
Verdun, France 700,000 soldiers died in just
10 months of fighting in 1916.
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Verdun
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Verdun
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Verdun
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Verdun
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Technology of WWI
 World
War I led to new kinds of warfare
technology being used.
 Machine
guns, poison gas (chlorine,
phosgene, mustard), fighter airplanes, and
tanks were all either introduced or vastly
improved on during WWI.
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Effects of Gas Attacks
 Mustard
gas smelled like mustard plants or
garlic and had a yellow color, caused burns on
the skin, sores that oozed yellow fluid, eyes
become sore, vomiting, bleeding in the lungs,
can take several weeks to die from a large
dose.
 Chlorine
gas smelled like pepper and
pineapple, tasted metallic and stung the back
of the throat and lungs, when it mixed with
water in mucus of the lungs it turned into
hydrochloric acid, which killed its victims.
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Effects of Gas Attacks
 Phosgene
gas was highly lethal, appeared
as white or light yellow gas, smelled like
mown hay or corn, caused difficulty
breathing, vomiting, coughing up blood, heart
failure.
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Soldier exposed to Mustard Gas
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Machine Guns
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Machine Guns
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Poison Gas
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Gas Clouds
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Poison Gas
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Fighter Airplanes
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Fighter Airplanes
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Tanks
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Tanks
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The Lusitania 1915
 The
sinking of the
British Passenger ship
Lusitania alarmed the
U.S.
 This
ship was
torpedoed by a German
U-boat in 1915.
 1,924
people died,
including 114 American
Passengers.
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The Zimmerman Telegram
 This
was a coded
message.
 The
date on the telegram
was Jan. 19,1917.
 It
was intercepted by the
British.
 Germany
wanted Mexico to
attack the United States.
 Mexico
was not very
serious about this offer.
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What the Telegram Said:
 On
the first of February, we intend to begin unrestricted
submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor
to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this
not succeeding, we propose an alliance on the following basis
with Mexico: That we shall make war together and make peace
together. We shall give generous financial support, and an
understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost
territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details of
settlement are left to you. You are instructed to inform the
President [of Mexico] of the above in the greatest confidence as
soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the
United States and suggest that the President, on his own
initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence with this plan; at
the same time, offer to mediate between Japan and ourselves.
Please call to the attention of the President that the ruthless
employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of
compelling England to make peace in a few months.
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 After
the Zimmerman
Telegram was
discovered Germany
decided to once again
attack all ships off the
coast of France and
Britain.
 This
was the final straw
and the U.S declared
war on Germany in
1917.
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America goes to War
 US
was not initially
prepared for war
 Congress
passes
Selective Service Act in
May of 1917
 Men
had to register for
the draft
 Creates
the American
Expeditionary Force
(AEF)
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U.S support was needed
 1.
Because of the Russian
Revolution in 1917, the
Russians pulled out of the
war.
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2. Russia signed a treaty
with Germany and German
soldiers from the Eastern
Front were sent to fight
France and Britain on the
Western Front.
 3. Allied
powers were worn
out from three years of hard
fighting.
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What the U.S. brought to the
War
 The
main thing that the
United States brought
to the war was over 2
million fresh troops.
 The
US also helped
supply the other Allied
Nations with food and
much needed military
supplies.
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Near the End - 1918
 Germany
was running low on provisions.
 Reserves
of soldiers was nearly gone.
 German
home front was tired of the war.
 General
Ludendorff, the German commander,
launched a final offensive in France from March
to August, but was beaten back by fresh troops
and tanks.
 Ludendorff
asked for the government to negotiate
a peace settlement.
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Armistice Day
 November
11, 1918.
 Not
long before the end of
the war the German
Emperor, William II stepped
down from power. Friedrich
Ebert took over.
 Germany
signed the
Armistice, or cease-fire, that
ended the war.
 This
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happened on the
11th hour of the 11th day of the
11th month of 1918.
 This
was known as
Armistice Day. It is now
 known
as Veterans Day.
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Cost of the War
 10
7
million military personnel died
million civilians died
 20
million people wounded
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Cemetery at Verdun
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Allied Deaths
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Central Powers Deaths
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The Treaty of Versailles
 Settled
all WWI issues.
 In
January of 1919, peace
talks began at Versailles which
is just outside of Paris,
France.
 President
Woodrow Wilson
was an important person at
the Treaty negotiations.
 Wilson
presented a plan called
the Fourteen Points.
 Germany
was going to be
punished by the Allied Powers
for what had happened during
the war.
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Wilson’s 14 Points
 Meant
to create a lasting
peace.
 Wanted
to reduce armaments
and have countries deal openly
with each other.
 Encouraged
international
cooperation.
 League
of Nations was
established to fix
disagreements among nations
and encourage cooperation.
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Treaty of Versailles
Guilt Clause – Germany and
Austria were responsible for WWI.
 War
 Germany
had to pay reparations for
all damages that Allies received as a
result of the war.
 Germany
had to reduce army to
100,000 men, cut back navy, and
eliminate its air force.
 Parts
of Germany were taken
 Rhineland
became a DMZ, would be
a buffer between Germany and
France
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Europe After WWI