Transcript chapter25
25 In the Grip of the Cold War: The Breakdown of the Yalta System Collapse of the Grand Alliance Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe and much of the Balkans United States and other Allied forces occupied the western part Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary Czechoslovakia came under Communist control in 1948 Yugoslavia became an independent communist state Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan The Descent of the Iron Curtain Truman Doctrine Civil war in Greece and Turkey Money to countries threatened by communist expansion Marshall Plan, June 1947 $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe Soviet view, “capitalist imperialism” Europe Divided George F. Kennan, Foreign Affairs, July 1947 Fate of Germany Merging of the British, French, and American zones Blockade of Berlin, 1948-1949 German Federal Republic created, September 1949 German Democratic Republic created, October 1949 Military Alliances Each power proceeded differently Soviet Union took reparations in the form of booty North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), April 1949 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949 Warsaw Pact, 1955 Responsibility for the Cold War Blame on Stalin – impose Soviet rule on Eastern Europe Blame on the U.S. – policy of encircling the Soviet Union with client states ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The New European Alliance Systems in the 1950s and 1960s The Chinese Civil War Relations between the United State and Chiang Kai-shek Communists occupied rural area in Manchuria Reforms by the communists Peasants attracted by promises of land and social justice United States tries to find peaceful solution Beijing encircled by PLA in 1948 Chiang and 2 million Nationalist followers flee to Taiwan President Truman gives limited military support to Chiang Kai-shek Sends George Marshall Charges of “soft on communism” at home The New China Hopes for peace Territorial expansion Chinese-Soviet relations The problem of Taiwan ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Korean War American troops advancing in the Korean War The Korean War China wanted to recover what had been part of the Manchu Empire China want to restore influence over Korea and Vietnam After the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek’s Republic of China and flight to Taiwan, the island became part of U.S. defense strategy in the Pacific U.S. and Soviet Union divide Korea at the 38th parallel, August 1945 North Koreans invaded the south, June 25, 1950 Chinese “volunteers” intervene when UN troops approach the Yalu River Cease-fire, July, 1953 Conflict in Indochina Vietminh Front led by Ho Chi Minh seize northern and central Vietnam War breaks out in December, 1946 Geneva Conference temporarily divided Vietnam, 1954 Elections to be held in two years Laos and Cambodia declared independent ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Global Cold War in the 1950s and 1960s Ferment in Eastern Europe After the death of Stalin in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) sought “peaceful coexistence” Austria, 1955 Poland, 1956 Hungary, 1956 Soviet Union launches ICBM, August, 1957 Confrontation over access to Berlin, November, 1958 Cultural exchanges Relations with Third World nations Cuban Missile Crisis Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba, 1959 Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 Discovery by U.S. of missile bases being built, 1962 President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba The Sino-Soviet Dispute Mao asserts with the death of Stalin, he should be the most authoritative voice in the socialist community Limited Soviet economic assistance Khrushchev rejected Chinese demands to help regain Taiwan China portrays itself as the leader of the “rural underdeveloped countries” Second Indochina War United States opposed the division of Vietnam in the settlement of Geneva in 1954 Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam refuses to hold elections Ho Chi Minh returns to a policy of war in the south, 1959 Diem regime overthrown with the approval of the Kennedy administration, 1963 President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965 China concerned about the war; does not get directly involved Tet offensive by the communists, 1968 President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1969 vows to bring an honorable end and begins withdrawing troops Communists resume the offensive in 1975 and unified Vietnam in 1976 An Era of Equivalence October 1964 Khrushchev was replaced by party chief Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) and Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin (19041980) Soviet relations with China and Vietnam The Brezhnev Doctrine Prague Spring, 1968 An Era of Détente Détente, reduction in tensions between U.S. and U.S.S.R. SALT I that limited antiballistic missile systems, 1972 U.S. policy of “equivalence” (balance of power) President Nixon pursues a policy of “linkages” through trade and cultural contacts Helsinki Agreement, 1975 Acknowledged the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe Recognize and protect human rights of signatories’ citizens Renewed Tensions in the Third World U.S. concerned about Soviet involvement in Africa Soviet troops to Afghanistan, 1979 US concerns over oil lead to the Carter Doctrine Soviet fears of spread of Islamic activism to its Muslim population in Central Asia U.S. fear that the U.S.S.R. was seeking strategic nuclear superiority Failure of U.S. congress to approve SALT II Countering the Evil Empire President Ronald Reagan (b. 1911) and the “Evil Empire” Nuclear-tipped cruise missiles and Strategic Defense Initiative U.S. activities in Nicaragua Sandinistas Contras U.S. military aid to insurgents in Afghanistan Discussion Questions What were the provisions of the Truman Doctrine? How was it implemented? What were the provisions of the Marshall Plan? How was it seen by the Soviets? Describe the changing relationship between China and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. What were the Cold War “hot spots” and why do you think the superpowers used them for their confrontations? Why did détente give way to renewed conflict between the superpowers in the 1980s?