Transcript chapter_13_mtb.6890324

Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams
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The Election of 1824
Four candidates ran for president. All
had been members of the DemocraticRepublican Party.
None of them won a majority of the
votes, although Jackson had the most
popular and Electoral College votes.
The decision went to the House of
Representatives where Henry Clay
encouraged members to vote for Adams.
They selected Adams as president,
which angered Jackson’s supporters who
called the selection a “corrupt bargain”
after Adams appointed Clay as his
Secretary of State.
electorial votes
99
100
84
80
60
41
40
37
20
0
Jackson
Adams
Crawford
Clay
popular vote
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
153544
108740
46618
Jackson
Adams
Crawford
47136
Clay
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John Quincy Adams
First son of a president to be elected
president himself
Important Secretary of State under
Monroe: negotiated joint occupation of the
Oregon country with Britain, helped make
Florida a state, and co-authored the Monroe
Doctrine
Controversial election led to a lack of
support from Congress
Tried to push through more American
System modernization reforms, but was
largely unsuccessful
He was defeated by Jackson in the election
of 1828 but was elected to Congress where he
was an influential member until his death in
1848
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Going Whole Hog for Jackson
Presidential Election of 1828
 Campaign lasted for four
years. Dirty nasty campaign.
Jackson won both popular
and electoral vote
 President John Adams and
his son served only one term
as Presidents 2 /6.
 After his presidency John Q.
Adams served in the House of
Representatives. He was an
outspoken abolitionist. He
was known as Old Man
Eloquent.
Andrew Jackson as President
 Enters the Presidency as the first
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Democrat
Slave owner
Planter aristocrat at his mansion
The Hermitage
Nicknamed “Old Hickory”….
Hero to his troops
General at Battle of Horseshoe
Bend and Battle of New Orleans
Ushers in Era of Common Man
Kitchen Cabinet
Spoils System
State’s Righter and a
nationalist!!!
More on President Jackson
 Nicknamed King Andrew
by political opponents
 “Andy veto”…used veto
power often
 Inaugural Brawl scared
many bureaucrats
 Spoils system…given
political friends
government
appointments….Jackson
credited and blamed with
starting this practice on a
large scale
The Tariff of Abominations
1828 tariff
 1824 tariff was set at 37%.
Southerners hated the tariff
while northerners favored the
tariff. Tariffs drove up the
price of goods for the
importing South but
protected New England’s
emerging industries.
 1828 was raised to 45%.
 Southerners outraged, led by
Vice President John C.
Calhoun. Tariff also called
Yankee Tariff.
John C. Calhoun’s South Carolina
Exposition and Protest
The South Carolina Exposition and
Protest
Tariff of 1832
 John C. Calhoun wrote that
 Congress passed new lower
the tariff was unfair and
should be nullified in states
(compact theory of
government)
 “Nullies” of South Carolina
blocked by Unionists in
South Carolina from
declaring tariff null and void
tariff down to 35%, but
Southerners still upset
 By 1832 South Carolina
Nullies called a special
convention and nullified
Tariff of 1832…..what would
President Jackson do?
The Nullification Crisis with the
“Cradle of Secession” South
Carolina
 President Jackson declares
nullification will not stand.
Governor Hayne of South
Carolina says nullification
will stand. (Jackson is
ready to lead an army).
 The Great Compromiser
Henry Clay proposes Tariff
of 1833, which after 10 years
would bring Tariff down to
about 25%. Narrowly
passes Congress
John C. Calhoun
Nullification Crisis
averted.
•Congress also passed
Force Bill or Bloody Bill
authorizing President to
use force to enforce
tariff collection.
•After repealing
Ordinances of
Nullification, South
Carolina nullifies Force
Act
• President Jackson
increased power of
Presidency
Denmark Vesey’s
Rebellion
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Denmark Vesey was executed on 2 July 1822 after being accused of
planning a slave rebellion against slave owners and other whites in
Charleston, South Carolina. Vesey was a well-respected carpenter and
minister who in his teens had been sold into slavery from the West
Indies island of St. Thomas. For years he was the household servant to
Captain Joseph Vesey, who settled in Charleston in 1783. Denmark
Vesey won $1,500 in a lottery in the year 1800. He used the money to
buy his freedom and set up a carpentry shop, where he prospered.
Educated and financially successful, he also co-founded a separate
black Methodist church in Charleston in 1816 (though it was closed by
white authorities four years later). In 1822 he was accused of being the
leader of a secret plot to rebel against whites, a plot that supposedly
involved 9,000 slaves and more than two years of preparation. The
alleged plan was for the slaves to murder as many whites as they could,
then set sail for Africa or Haiti. In the wake of rumors of the plot,
Charleston authorities charged 131 people with conspiracy, convicted
67 and executed at least 35, including Denmark Vesey. Though the
story of Vesey and the rebellion has long been taken for fact, a few
historians have argued that no such rebellion ever was planned, and
that Vesey and others were victims of false rumors that spread among
nervous slaveholders.
Vesey's birthplace and birth date are uncertain, as are most of the
details of his life before he was sold to Joseph Vesey in 1781.
Southerners saw slave rebellions, coupled w.ith tariff issues, as a threat
to the Southern way of life .
The Trail of Tears
 The Five Civilized Tribes had
sued in the case of Cherokee
Nation v. State of Georgia for the
right to their land in Georgia.
 Cherokees won case to which
President Jackson responded
“John Marshall has made his
decision; now let him enforce it”
 1830 Indian Removal Act forced
tribes West of Mississippi River
to “Indian territory forever”
 Result was Trail of Tears
Sauk and Fox War
Osceola and Seminole War
 In early 1830s Sauk and
Fox tribes destroyed in
Great Lakes area
 From 1835-1842 the
Seminole War waged in
the Florida area.
 Eventually Osceola and
some Seminoles hid in
Everglades, others
moved to Oklahoma.
The Bank
War
The Bank of the United
States was led by Czar
Nicholas Biddle. The
bank served as the
National Treasury ,
coined hard money, and
granted credit.
Farmers out West
wanted soft paper
money and viewed the
BUS as eastern
establishment bent on
keeping west down.
Henry Clay plays politics
Re-chartering the Bank
 In an effort to embarrass
President Jackson politically
Henry Clay proposes rechartering the Bank of the
United States four years early.
Jackson vetoes bill which
aligns West (South) against
East.
 Sectionalism starting to show
Jackson hated the BUS
1832 Presidential Election
 First time nominating
conventions were held to
pick political party
candidates for President
 National Republican or
Whig, Henry Clay v.
Democrat Jackson v.
Anti-Masonic Party
(Third Party) William
Wirt….winner was
President Jackson
Burying Biddle’s
Bank
• To destroy the
Bank of the
United States President
Jackson began to withdraw
federal funds and place
federal money in “pet
banks”.
• Czar Biddle retaliated by
calling in loans.
• Created loss of credit
markets and hard times in
the West
• In 1836 BUS was gone…no
new federal monetary
system until 1900s under
President Wilson
Birth of the Whig
Political Party
Generally the Whigs
despised King Andrew and
favored Henry Clay’s
American system.
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The Whig Party was a political party of the United States during the era of
Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and
operating from 1833 to 1856,[2] the party was formed in opposition to the
policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. In
particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the
executive branch and favored a program of modernization and economic
protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776,
who fought for independence, and because "Whig" was then a widely
recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing
autocratic rule.[3] The Whig Party counted among its members such national
political luminaries as Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison, and their
preeminent leader, Henry Clay of Kentucky. In addition to Harrison, the
Whig Party also counted four war heroes among its ranks, including
Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. Abraham Lincoln was a Whig
leader in frontier Illinois.
In its over two decades of existence, the Whig Party saw two of its
candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president. Both, however, died in
office. John Tyler became president after Harrison's death, but was expelled
from the party. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylor's death,
was the last Whig to hold the nation's highest office.
The party was ultimately destroyed by the question of whether to allow the
expansion of slavery to the territories. With deep fissures in the party on this
question, the anti-slavery faction successfully prevented the nomination of
its own incumbent President Fillmore in the 1852 presidential election;
instead, the party nominated General Winfield Scott, who was soundly
defeated. Its leaders quit politics (as Lincoln did temporarily) or changed
parties. The voter base defected to the Republican Party, various coalition
parties in some states, and to the Democratic Party. By the 1856 presidential
election, the party had lost its ability to maintain a national coalition of
effective state parties and endorsed Millard Fillmore, now of the American
Party, at its last national convention
1836 Presidential Election
 Democrat Andrew Jackson
hand picked Martin Van
Buren to run. The Whig
party ran different favorite
son candidates in an effort
to put Presidential election
into the House of
Representatives.
 Martin Van Buren became
the 8th President.
Diplomatic woes for the Little
Magician Martin Van Buren
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The Caroline Affair was a series of events beginning in 1837 that
strained relations between the United States and Britain.
A group of Canadian rebels, led by William Lyon Mackenzie,
seeking a more democratic Canada, had been forced to flee to the
United States after leading the failed Upper Canada Rebellion in
Upper Canada (now Ontario).
They took refuge on Navy Island on the Canadian side of the
Niagara River, which separates the two countries (between
Ontario and New York) and declared themselves the Republic of
Canada under MacKenzie's "general" Rensselaer Van Rensselaer
(nephew of General Stephen Van Rensselaer). American
sympathizers supplied them with money, provisions, and arms via
the steamboat SS Caroline.
On December 29, Canadian loyalist Colonel Sir Allan MacNab and
Captain Andrew Drew of the Royal Navy commanding a party of
militia, crossed the international boundary and seized the
Caroline, towed her into the current, set her afire, and cast her
adrift over Niagara Falls, after killing one black American named
Amos Durfee in the process. His body was later exhibited in front
of a recruiting tavern in Buffalo, New York. US illustrations in the
press showed the burning ship going over the falls with men
falling headlong into the chasm. In reality, the ship did not
immediately go over the falls. She grounded and later broke up
and the pieces went over the falls later on.
It was falsely reported that dozens of Americans were killed as
they were trapped on board; in fact the ship had been abandoned
before being set adrift. Public opinion across the United States was
outraged against the British. President Martin Van Buren
protested strongly to London, but was ignored.
On May 29, 1838, American forces retaliated by burning a British
steamer SS Sir Robert Peel while it was in US waters.
Depression Doldrums and the
Independent Treasury
 The Panic of 1837 was caused by
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pet bank loans , and the Specie
Circular which stated that debts
should be paid back in gold.
Hundreds of Banks failed.
Many crop failures.
British bank failures.
President Van Buren’s solution
was the Divorce Bill (no federal
bank system) and Independent
Treasury system which placed
government funds in vaults in
larger cities.
Gone to Texas
 After Mexico had won
independence from Spain
the Mexican government
invited Americans to the
area that is now Texas as
colonist. The stipulations
were that Americans must
become Mexican citizens,
could not bring slaves and
should be Catholic.
Ignoring the stipulations
Stephen Austin led about
300 families into Texas.
Don’t Mess With
Texas!!!!!
Gone to Texas (GTT)
By 1835 the Texas
were clamoring for
independence from
Mexico. Mexican
Dictator Santa Ana
de Lopez de Santa
Anna briefly jailed
Stephen Austin and
raised and army to
show the Texicans
just who ruled
Texas.
Texas Revolution
 In 1836 Texas declared
independence from
Mexico.
 The Lone Star Flag was
unveiled and Sam
Houston was named
commander-in-chief.
 Santa Anna defeated
Americans at the Alamo
and at Goliad
Remember The Alamo
Remember the Alamo
 Americans were butchered to
a man at the Alamo, included
Western heroes Davy
Crockett and James Bowie
 War cries of Remember the
Alamo, Death to Santa Anna
and Remember Goliad were
raised in Texas and America
Davy Crockett
Texans win their independence
 Supported by
American men,
money and
munitions Sam
Houston retreated to
San Jacinto Junction.
 At the Battle of San
Jacinto, Santa Anna
was crushed and
forced to sign Treaty
of Valesco which
ended hostilities
and created the
Republic of Texas
Northerners say no to Texas
 Fearing a conspiracy
by those that wanted
to expand slavery
northerners refuse to
allow Texas
admittance to the
union.
 The issue of a new
state below the 36-30
line was alarming to
northerners.
 Texas would be its
own nation for about
ten years.
Presidential Election of 1840
 “Little Van the Used Up
Man” had little chance
to be re-elected.
 The Whigs ran the
popular William Henry
Harrison and John Tyler
as Vice President
 “Tippecanoe and Tyler
Too”
 The Whigs ran a Log
Cabin Campaign
William Henry
Harrison elected 9th
President
The Emergence of the
two party system
•Democrats
glorified the
individual, the
“coonskin
Congressman”
•Clung to state’s
rights and federal
restraints
•Generally from
South and West
The Emergence of the two party
system
 Whigs generally favored
a renewed national bank,
tariffs, internal
improvements, moral
reforms and public
schools
 Generally from the East
 Generally more
aristocratic and
wealthier