Transcript File

Do Now: In your notebook, answer this
prompt: What was the Revolution of
1800? Was it really a revolution?
Homework:
•
•
•
Complete Essay #10
TYPE THE ESSAY! You will need it saved to a USB or Google Drive for class.
You will be submitting it to turnitin.com
Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency
1800-1808
• “We are all Republicans; we are all
Federalists.”
• The Louisiana Purchase
• The Marshall Court
• Foreign Affairs…
Thomas Jefferson:
The Revolution of
1800
• The victory of Jefferson and the
Dem-Rep marked the end of the
Federalist Decade
• The election of 1800 has been
referred to as a revolution b/c the
party in power gave up power
peacefully after losing an election
“We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists.”
With this inaugural address, Jefferson bridged the gap between both parties.
Jefferson gained
Federalist support:
• National Bank
• Debt Repayment
• Neutrality
Jefferson gained
Republican support:
• Smaller military
• Repealed excise taxes.
• Reduced the national
debt.
Thomas Jefferson:
Jeffersonian
Democracy
• The yeoman farmer best exemplifies virtue &
independence from the corrupting influence
of cities, bankers, financiers, and industrialists
• The federal govt must not violate the rights of
the states
– “States rights” is proclaimed in the
Kentucky and Virginia Solutions
• Freedom of speech & the press are essential
rights, since govts must be closely watched
– Alien and Sedition Acts violated this
principle
• The scope & activities of the federal govt
should be reduced
– The President should practice republican
simplicity
Jefferson’s
Best Known
Achievement
1.
2.
The Louisiana Purchase
Spain was forced to give Louisiana to France in 1800.
France lost interest in the land
–
Fighting with England/Toussaint L’Ouverture rebellion in Haiti were both costly.
3. The US sent foreign ministers to France offering $10 million for New Orleans and the land
west of Florida.
–
France offered New Orleans + the Louisiana Territory for $15 million.
Lewis
& Clark
(Corps ofaccepted.
Discovery)
Constitutional Issue:
US ministers

Does the President have the power to purchase land? Guided by Shoshone Sacajawea
Results of exploring the Louisiana
Wavered on strict interpretation of Constitution
Territory (1804):
Consequences:
Federalists
opposed this :
1. Gained geographic and scientific
1. They
Size ofviewed
the U.S.
the
doubled.
growing frontier as
knowledge of the territory
2. oppositional
Guaranteed expansion
territory to
past
thethe
Federalist
Mississippi
2. Strengthened US claims to Oregon
River.
party
Territory
3. Jefferson’s
• New England
hope: the US would be an agrarian
3. Established positive relations with
society
• Merchants
instead of an urban, industrial society.
Native Americans in the west
4. Jefferson
• Atlantic
wascoast
popular
cities
4. Created maps and land routes for fur
5. Federalists were seen as weak and sectionalist.
trappers and future settlers.
Thomas Jefferson:
The Louisiana
Purchase
• Origins in TJ’s desire to acquire the
port of New Orleans to provide an
outlet for Western crops
• Failure of French army to suppress
slave revolt in Haiti played a role in
motivating Napoleon to sell the
Louisiana Territory
• Purchasing the LA Territory violated
TJ’s belief in a strict interpretation of
the Constitution  TJ had to be
pragmatic to do what was best for
the country
• TJ hoped to perpetuate an
agricultural society by making
abundant lands available to future
generations
• The LA Purchase was America’s
largest land acquisition EVER
1.
Barbary Pirates
–
–
–
2.
Napoleonic Wars (between Britain & France)
–
3.
Britain captured US sailors and forced them to join the British Navy.
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
–
–
4.
The US paid tributes, so pirates wouldn’t attack US merchant ships.
US fought Tripoli for 4 years.
RESULTS: 1) Respect 2)US Vessel Protection
Off the Virginia coast, Leopold (GB) fired at the Chesapeake (US)
3 were killed  anti-British feeling  diplomacy; not war.
Embargo Act (to stop GB from violating the rights of neutral nations)
–
–
–
US merchants couldn’t sail to foreign ports (=financial hardship)
Harmed New England’s shipbuilding industry
There was a movement for New England to secede.
Analyze..
Evaluate: Was Jefferson consistent with his
philosophy?
Jeffersonian
Principles:
-Strict
YES
Pardoned those prosecuted
under Alien Sedition Acts
Left most of the Hamiltonian
financial framework in tact—
Bank, Debt repayment
program
Naturalization law of 1802
(reduced requirements
passed under Federalists)
Barbary war
Developed a “mosquito
fleet” of ships
Eliminated excise taxes
Louisiana Purchase
Lowered the national debt
Maintained neutrality
between France and Britain
Reduced military
Embargo Act –excessive use
of federal power?
Constructionist
-States’ Rights;
limited federal
government
-Diplomacy over
war
-Agrarian
individualism
NO
Used peaceful coercion—
Embargo Act
John Marshall and
Marshall Court
• 1801-1835  John Marshall was Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court for 34 years.
• Though Thomas Jefferson’s cousin, he was a
Federalist.
• John Marshall believed that the U.S. would be best
served by concentrating power in a strong central
govt
• Under Chief Justice John Marshall, Supreme Court
decisions tended to promote business enterprise
• Under Marshall’s leadership, the Supreme Court
upheld the supremacy of federal legislation over
state legislation
Marshall Court
Marbury v. Madison, 1803
• Adams’ “midnight appointments” of Federalist judges (Judiciary Act of 1801) tried
to weaken the incoming Democratic Republicans who refused to commission
them
• Jefferson tells Secretary of State Madison not to deliver appointments Marbury
sued!
• The case established the principle of judicial review
• Judicial review gave the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress
unconstitutional
• Marshall deems Marbury’s appointment legal according to the Judiciary Act of
1789
• BUT, deems the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional b/c gave more power to
courts than constitution allowed
• Marbury v. Madison was one of a series of landmark decisions by Chief Justice
John Marshall that strengthened federal govt
Marshall Court
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
• The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protected contracts from
state encroachments
• The ruling safeguarded business enterprise from interference by state
governments
• A State could not alter a contract for a private institution.
McCulloch v. Maryland
• The court struck down a Maryland law taxing the Baltimore branch of
the National Bank
• The Federal government can create a bank; the state cannot tax a
federal institution.
James Madison’s Presidency
1808-1816
• Foreign Problems
• The War of 1812
– Origins
– Battles & Strategy
– Opposition
– The U.S. Navy
• Consequences of the War of 1812
Madison: Foreign Problems
Madison had the same problems as Jefferson
1. Nonintercourse Act:
1. Americans could trade with everyone except Britain
and France.
2. Macon’s Bill No. 2:
1. Restored trade with both Britain and France. Offered
to cut trade with the one if the other offered
protection.
2. Napoleon claimed they would respect US neutrality,
so US cut trade with Britain; France continued seizing
US ships.
Origins of the War of 1812
1. Violation of US neutrality at sea.
2. The western frontier:
–
France, Spain & Britain were keeping
the United States from acquiring more
land.
3. Pro-French, anti-British sentiment
–
–
–
France had overthrown their monarchy.
British sea violations had been more
blatant.
Great Britain = “Cruel enemy” (from
Revolutionary War)
The Battle of Tippecanoe:
•Americans ended
Tecumseh’s efforts to
create a Native American
confederacy (to defend
their lands).
•The British had helped
the Native Americans.
Home Front and Strategy in the War of 1812
•Madison declared war (after GB
agreed to end the US blockade).
•In 1812, he was re-elected.
New Young Republicans = “WAR
HAWKS” (Henry Clay/John C.
Calhoun)
Believed that war with Great Britain
would:
 Defend the United States’ honor
 Gain Canada
 Destroy Native American
resistance
Opponents of “Mr. Madison’s War”
Included:
1.
New England merchants
•
(profited from the European war)
•
(sympathize w/ Brit not Fr. Catholic)
2.
Federalist Politicians
•
(saw the war as a DemocraticRepublican scheme to conquer Florida
and California)
3.
Quids [Old Republicans]
•
(felt the war violated the Republican
commitment to limited power and )
Strategy
• Madison’s hope for victory:
– Napoleon would be successful in Europe.
– US would launch a land campaign against
Canada.
CANADA: 3-part invasion
The British put these down.
1. Detroit
2. Niagara
3. Lake Champlain
• In 1814, Napoleon was defeated.
– Great Britain increased forces in the US.
• Set fire to the White House, Capitol, and
government buildings
– The US held out at Fort McHenry (Baltimore).
• Francis Scott Keyes wrote the “Star Spangled
Banner.”
Southern Strategy: General Andrew Jackson
•Battle of Horseshoe Bend
•Creek Nations’ power eliminated (land open
to settlers)
•Battle of New Orleans (fought after the treaty)
TREATY OF GHENT (stalemate)
1. Halt fighting.
3. Return to pre-war
2. Return conquered land
boundary between
the US & Canada
The Hartford Convention
Federalists in New England
• Radicals favored secession, but was not
adopted by the majority
• Proposed 2/3 vote to declare war
• Then….New Orleans and Treaty of Ghent came
– Federalists were viewed as unpatriotic
– Very weakened and power faded away
James Madison:
The War of 1812
Causes:
• British impressments of American navy
• British interference with American commerce
(Leopold incident)
• British aid to Native Americans on the frontier
Consequences:
• Contributed to the demise of the Federalist party
(Hartford Convention)
• Intensifying nationalistic feelings
• Promoting industrialization (Embargo and NonIntercourse Acts)
• Advancing the career of Andrew Jackson (Battle of
New Orleans and Seminole Wars)
Monroe’s Presidency:
“The Era of Good Feelings”
Presidency = 18161824
1816: Monroe easily
defeated his
opponent.
1820: Monroe
received all but 1
electoral vote.
Monroe’s Presidency:
The Era of Good Feelings?
Known for:
•Acquisition of Florida
•Missouri Compromise
•Monroe Doctrine
Good Feelings:
• Nationalism
• Unity
• Optimism
• Republican-dominated
Politics
• The demise of the
Federalist Party left DemReps in control of
Congress and the
presidency
Bad Feelings:
• Many debates
–
–
–
–
Tariffs
National bank
Internal improvements
Public land sales
• Sectionalist tensions
(slavery)
• Antagonism in Republican
party (would soon break
into two parties)
• Panic of 1819
Agenda
1. Do Now: Finish Review
2. Complete Presidents Compare on page 9/10
in packet  don’t use notes
3. Era of Good Feelings?
4. Turn it in .com
5. Quiz
HW: Chapter 11 notes and review
He was a leader
in the House of
Representatives.
Henry Clay’s American System
This was a method for advancing economic growth.
1. Protective Tariff (1816)
–
This would promote American manufacturing and raise money
for roads & canals (to benefit the east).
2. Second National Bank of the United States (1816)
–
Maintaining a national currency would keep the economy
running smoothly.
3. Internal Improvements
–
He hoped that these would promote growth in the West and
South.
Monroe insisted that no federal
funds be used for internal
improvements; he vetoed this,
making states pay for these.
B/C of its dependence on agricultural
plantations and slave labor, the South
benefited least from the era of internal
improvements
The 1st Major
Financial Panic in
the United States
The Panic of 1819
Because European agriculture was damaged during the Napoleonic Wars, US agriculture was
profitable. The National Bank lent money to anyone for western land (hoping it would increase
in value quickly). When the bank slowed down its lending and the value of land dropped,
many people owed more than their land was worth, and they couldn’t pay for it.
• The 2nd National Bank tightened credit, which caused the value of
the dollar to drop.
• Unemployment rose.
• Bankruptcy increased.
• Many people were sent to debtor’s prison (especially in the West).
Voters called for LAND REFORM.
• They opposed the National Bank & Debtors Prisons.
The Republican Party was strained & split:
Old Republican Ideals (= Democratic Party)
Limited government
Strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Monroe’s 2nd Term:
Sectionalism & political
factions rose.
Federalist Agenda (= Republican Party)
Large army & navy
Second Bank of the United States
Westward Expansion & The Missouri Compromise
1.
2.
Reasons for Westward Expansion
Acquired Native American lands
Economic pressure
–
–
3.
Transportation Revolution
–
4.
New England had $ problems.
Southern tobacco & cotton planters needed
new land.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
Roads, canals, steamboats, & railroads
Immigrants
–
2.
Europeans sought cheap land in the West.
Clay’s Missouri Compromise
1. Missouri would become a
slave state.
2. Maine would become a free
state.
3. 36°30’ line: No. = free; So. =
slave.
Issues in Western States
Easy credit (from state banks)
Cheap land
Improved transportation
Slavery (disagreement)
South: needed labor in the cotton
fields
North: no need for slavery
The Tallmadge
oneaproposal
Slavery
inAmendment=
Western
Territories
Missouri’s
statehood
became
debate.
1.
No
more
slaves
in
Missouri.
Congress
sought
a sectional
•This could
tip the
balance balance
in Congress.
2.
Children
of
current
slaves
would
bemajority
freed at 25
House
of Representatives:
northern
•Thisyears
raised
the
question
of
whether
slavery
of
age.
Senate:
equal (eachincould
block legislation)
would
Louisiana
Territory.
Seen asbe
an allowed
effort to endthe
slavery;
blocked.
•
•
•
Results of the Missouri Compromise
There was sectional balance for 30 years.
Controversy damaged the “Era of Good
Feelings”
Americans were torn between nationalism
& sectionalism.
Foreign Affairs under Monroe
1.
•
•
2.
•
•
•
CANADA
Rush-Bagot Agreement:
Limit Navy on the Great Lakes
US & Canada = largest unfortified
boundary in the world
Treaty of 1818
Shared fishing rights
(Newfoundland)
10 years: joint occupation of
Oregon territory
Established US-Canada boundary
•
•
•
•
•
FLORIDA
Spain had trouble governing it
because of revolts in South America.
Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white
outlaws led raids into the US from FL.
Monroe allowed Jackson to take
military action (it was excessive).
Fortunately, neither Spain nor Great
Britain responded with a call for war.
THE ADAMS-ONIS TREATY:
1.
2.
Spain gave Florida and the Oregon
territory to the U.S.
The United States gave up claims to
Texas.
EUROPE
• There was a backlash against democracies (restored monarchies
were supporting each other: Russia, France, Austria, Prussia)
• This was seen as a threat to the US (needed to maintain its territory)
and Great Britain (needed to trade in Latin America & protect
Canada from Russia).
Should the United States & Great Britain respond jointly???
James Monroe:
The Monroe
Doctrine
• 1823
• = a unilateral declaration of principles that
asserted American independence from Europe in
foreign policy
–
1.
2.
3.
The U.S. decided to issue a statement alone because…
They knew Britain would stand behind their policy.
No European power would go to war with South America
Joint action with Britain would limit US opportunity for
expansion.
• Asserted that the political system in the Western
Hemisphere is different and separate from that of
Europe
• It warned European nations against further
colonial ventures into the Western Hemisphere
• It promised that the United States would not
interfere in the internal affairs of European nations
• It was successful b/c of the power of the British
navy
Jackson v. Adams
The Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams’s
Presidency
• Jackson’s followers were
alienated:
4 candidates from the same
party ran for President:
– John Q. Adams
• *won the presidency* with the
help of the House of
Representatives
– Henry Clay
• Political maneuvering
Secretary of State
– William Crawford
– Andrew Jackson
• Got the most popular votes, but
no electoral majority
“Corrupt Bargain”
= divisive and bitterly contested.
– Internal improvements
– Aid to manufacturing
– National university
– Astronomical observatory
(Jackson saw these as a
waste of $$)
• New Tariff Law (“Tariff of
Abominations”)
– Satisfied northern
manufacturers
– Angered the South
Turnitin.com
• A 6/7 = 7217644
• Password = ilovehistory
The First 6 Presidents
Father and son
Turn it in Codes
• A ½ = 7217641
• A 3/5 = 7217636