Transcript The Cold War

Objective: I can summarize the roots of
the Cold War.
vs.
Origins of the Cold War
1940s-1980s/1991
Ideological Differences
Soviet Communism
American Capitalism
- State controlled all
property & economic
activity
- Communist Party
established a totalitarian
government with no
opposing parties
- Private citizens controlled
most economic activity
- Voting by the people
elected a president and a
congress from competing
political parties
“Smite the lazy worker”
Cold War
Cause: The conflicting U.S. and Soviet aims in
Eastern Europe led to the Cold War.
Definition: The Cold War was a conflict, tension, and
competition between the US and the Soviet Union
(Post WWII – 1991). Neither nation directly declared
war on the other.
Effect: The Cold War would dominate global affairs
and US foreign policy from 1945 until the break-up of
the Soviet Union in 1991.
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
Cause: Soviet Action
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin refused free elections
In Eastern Europe and set up satellite nations.
1. Effect: US Action
The Truman administration
established a policy of
containment to block further
Soviet expansion.
2. Effect: US Action
The Truman Doctrine
Declared that the U.S.
would support any
free country that was
Resisting a takeover by
an outside or an armed
forced.
Cause: Soviet Action
Soviets blockaded Berlin for almost a year
3. Effect: US Action
The U.S. flew food and supplies
into West Berlin during the Berlin
Airlift.
4. Effect: US Action
The US joined 10 other
Western European nations
in creating NATO, a defensive
military alliance.
Roots of the Cold War
Event
1.
Bolshevik
Revolution
2. Suspicious
WWII Allies
3. United Nations
4. Yalta & Potsdam
Conferences
5. Soviet Satellite
Nations
6.
Containment
7. Iron Curtain Speech
8. Truman Doctrine
9. Marshall Plan
Summary
How It Contributed to the Cold War
Create the “Roots of Cold War” Graphic Organizer
• Work with your partner to fill in the graphic
organizer using the summary sheets in the
center of the room.
• Be sure to include a summary for each event
as well as how it contributed to the Cold War.
• When you are done with one topic, switch it
for a new one until all 10 topics are complete.
• If you finish early, begin Workbook 18.2
(including Section B). 18.2 due tomorrow.
Bolshevik Revolution
Hostility between the United States and the USSR had its roots
in the around the time of World War I. Soon after the
Bolsheviks (later Communists) overthrew the existing Russian
government in October 1917, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin
wanted to withdraw Russia from the war.
In 1918 the United States, along with Britain, France, and
Japan, intervened militarily in Russia. They did so to restore
the collapsed Eastern Front in their war effort against
Germany; however, to Lenin and his colleagues, the
intervention represented an assault on Russia’s weak new
revolutionary government.
Vladimir Lenin
In fact, the European powers and the United States did resent
Russia’s new leadership because it was against capitalism and
it wanted to unite local Communist parties into an international
revolutionary movement.
In December 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR) was formed as a federal union of Russia and
neighboring areas under Communist control. The United
States refused to recognize the Soviet state until 1933. The
deep ideological differences between the USSR and the United
States were continued under the leadership of Joseph Stalin,
who ruled the USSR from 1929 to 1953.
Joseph Stalin
Suspicious WWII Allies
• The US know that Stalin
had been an ally of Hitler
• Stalin supported the Allies
only after Hitler invaded
the Soviet Union in June
1941
• Stalin resented the
Western Allies’ delay in
attacking the Germans in
Europe (which would
have drawn some of the
German troops from the
Soviet Union)
• Relations worsened when
Stalin learned that the US
tried to keep its
development of the atomic
bomb a secret
The United Nations
• April 25, 1945 – the
representatives of 50 nations
met in San Francisco to create
this new peacekeeping body
• June 26, 1945 – the charter
establishing the UN was signed
• Even though the UN was
intended to promote peace, it
soon became where the 2
superpowers competed. Both the
US and the Soviet Union were in
the UN and both used the UN as
a forum to spread their influence
over others
The
Yalta
Conference
Yalta Conference – Feb. 1945
• Wartime meeting between Churchill
(Great Britain), Roosevelt (US), and
Stalin (Soviet Union)
• Each leader had an agenda for the Yalta
Conference: Roosevelt asked for Soviet
support in the U.S. Pacific War against
Japan; Churchill wanted free elections
and democratic governments in Eastern
Europe; and Stalin demanded a Soviet Yalta Conference - Feb. 1945
(Churchill, FDR, & Stalin)
sphere of political influence in Eastern
Europe, as essential to the USSR's
national security.
• At Yalta, Stalin promised FDR that he
would allow free elections (vote by
secret ballot in a multi-party election) in
Poland and the parts of Eastern Europe
that the Soviets occupied at the end of
WWII
• Germany would eventually be divided
into 4 zones (for US, Britain, Russia, and
later France)
The Potsdam Conference
Potsdam Conference – July 1945
• July 1945 – “The Big Three”- the US,
Great Britain, and the Soviet Union(represented by Attlee, Truman, &
Stalin) met at the final wartime
conference at Potsdam near Berlin These are the same countries that
participated in the Yalta Conference in
Feb. 1945
• At the Potsdam Conference, it was clear
that Stalin would not keep his promise. Potsdam Conference – July 1945
The Soviets prevented free elections in Attlee, Truman, & Stalin
Poland and banned democratic parties.
• Truman objected from the Soviets
taking large reparations from Germany
• It was agreed that the Soviets, British,
Americans, and French would take
reparations mainly from their own
occupation zones
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Soviet Satellite Nations
The Soviet Union emerged from the
war as a nation of enormous
economic & military strength
Unlike the US, the Soviet Union has
suffered heavy devastation on its
own soil. Soviet deaths from the war
are estimated at 20 million, half of
whom were civilians.
As a result, the Soviets felt justified
in their claim to Eastern Europe
By dominating the region, the Soviets
felt they could stop future invasions
from the west
Stalin installed communist
governments in Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania,
and Poland
These countries became known as
satellite nations, countries dominated
by another country, in this case, the
Soviet Union.
In early 1946 Stalin gave a speech
announcing that communism and
capitalism were incompatible – and
that another war was inevitable
Policy of Containment
• Feb. 1946 – George F.
Kennan, an American
diplomat in Moscow,
proposed a policy of
containment.
• By “containment” he meant
taking measures to prevent
any extension of communist
rule to other countries.
• This policy began to guide
the Truman administration’s
foreign policy.
•
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“Iron
Curtain”
Speech
Europe was now divided into two political
regions, a mostly democratic Western Europe
and a Communist Eastern Europe
March 1946 – Winston Churchill traveled to the
United States & gave a speech that described
the situation in Europe:
“A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the
AIlied victory... an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. . .
all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I
must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or
another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some
cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. . . The safety of the
world, ladies and gentlemen, requires a unity in Europe, from which
no nation should be permanently outcast.. . .In a great number of
countries, far from the Russian frontiers and throughout the world,
Communist fifth columns are established and work in complete unity
and absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the
Communist center. Except in the British Commonwealth and in the
United States where Communism is in its infancy, the Communist
parties or fifth columns constitute a growing challenge and peril to
Christian civilization. . . I repulse the idea that a new war is inevitable
-- still more that it is imminent. It is because I am sure that our
fortunes are still in our own hands and that we hold the power to save
the future, that I feel the duty to speak out now that I have the
occasion and the opportunity to do so. . . I do not believe that Soviet
Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the
indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines.”
* The phrase “iron curtain” came to stand for the
division of Europe. When Stalin heard about
the speech, he declared that Churchill’s words
were a “call to war.”
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The
Truman
Doctrine
The US first tried to contain Soviet influence
in Greece & Turkey
Britain was financially supporting both
nations’ resistance to growing communist
influence in the region. But Britain’s
economy has been badly hurt by the war, and
the formally wealthy nation could no longer
afford to give aid. It asked the US to take over
the responsibility.
Truman accepted the challenge. On March
12, 1947, Truman asked Congress for $400
million in economic & military aid for Greece
& Turkey.
In a statement that became known as the
“Truman Doctrine,” he declared that “it must
be the policy of the United States to support
free peoples who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or by
outside pressures.”
Congress agreed with Truman and decided
that the doctrine was essential to keeping
Soviet influence from spreading.
Between 1947 and 1950, the US sent $400
million in aid to Turkey & Greece, greatly
reducing the possibility of communist
takeover in those nations.
The Marshall Plan
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Like postwar Greece, Western Europe
was in chaos. Most of its factories had
been bombed or looted. Millions of
people were living in refugee camps
while European governments tried to
figure out where to resettle them. To
make matters worse, the winter of
1946-1947 was the coldest in
centuries. The weather damaged
crops and froze rivers, cutting off
water transportation and causing a
fuel shortage.
June 1947 – Secretary of State George
Marshall proposed that the United
States provide aid to all European
nations that needed it, saying that this
move was directed “not against any
country or doctrine but against
hunger, poverty, desperation, and
chaos.”
Over the next four years, 16 countries
received some $13 billion in aid. By
1952, Western Europe was flourishing,
and the Communist party had lost
much of its appeal to voters.
United Nations (1945)
• international organization of countries created to
promote world peace and cooperation
• founded after WWII ended in 1945
• mission is to maintain world peace, develop good
relations between countries, promote cooperation in
solving the world’s problems, and encourage respect for
human rights
• (essentially replaced the League of Nations which was
created after WWI and was not effective)
Cold War Alliances
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949
• defense alliance created by the North
Atlantic Treaty
• purpose was to enhance the stability,
well-being, and freedom of its members
through a system of collective security
• Members of the alliance agree to defend
one another from attack by other nations
or by terrorist groups
• original purpose of NATO was to defend
Western Europe against possible attack
by Communist nations, led by the USSR.
• Members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the
United Kingdom, and the United States.
Greece and Turkey (1952), West
Germany (1955), and Spain (1982). In
1990 the newly unified Germany
replaced West Germany as a NATO
member.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 1954
• alliance of nations to provide defense and
economic cooperation in Southeast Asia and
the South Pacific area
• Members: Australia, France, the United
Kingdom, New Zealand, Pakistan, the
Philippines, Thailand, and the United States.
• Like NATO, SEATO was intended to prevent
the spread of communism
• Unlike the NATO, SEATO did not obligate one
member to assist another against a military
threat.
• Although SEATO sanctioned the U.S. military
effort in Vietnam, and although several SEATO
members sent troops to fight there, SEATO
itself played no direct role in the war.
• By mutual consent, the alliance disbanded on
June 30, 1977
Warsaw Pact - 1955
• Military alliance of eight
European Communist
nations
• The treaty was signed in
Warsaw, Poland in 1955
• Members: Albania,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, and the
USSR.
• The alliance was
dominated by the USSR,
which kept strict control
over the other countries
in the pact
• The alliance dissolved in
1991