Transcript Ch 4

Ch 4
• Judiciary Act 1789
– Established 13 federal district courts and 3 circuit
courts
Debt
• Bonds- paper notes that citizens would get if
they loaned the United States Money during
the Revolution
– Original Owner
– Speculator
40 million owed to regular citizens and $11.7 million
to France, Spain and Netherlands.
• Andrew Jackson wanted to pay back the
speculators.
• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wanted to
pay back the original owner of bonds. To get
Jefferson and Madison to agree with Hamilton’s
plan Hamilton agreed to move the Capital of the
U.S. from New York to an area along the
Potomac river in Virginia ( became Washington
D.C)
National Bank
• Alexander Hamilton wants a National Bank
– Make loans to government and private citizens
– Issue PAPER MONEY which would stimulate trade,
investments and economic growth.
– Thomas Jefferson and many Anti-Federalist did
not like the idea. Gave federal govt to much
control and gave the private investor( that bought
stock in bank- generally northerners- to much
control of the bank and the economy)
Also
• Jefferson said Hamilton had no Constitutional
right to set up the bank. The “enumerated”
powers of the Constitution did not give
explicit powers to set up a bank
• Hamilton said the powers were “Implied” by
the use of the “necessary and proper”clause
• As a result of the divisions created by the issue
of repayment of bonds and the issue over the
National Bank created political parties.
• Federalist party :Alexander Hamilton and
those that favored a strong federal
government
• Democrat- Republicans: Thomas Jefferson and
those in favor of a small government.
• John Jay’s treaty– France declares war on Britain in 1793. Both sides
wanted the U.S to chose sides. We didn’t want to.
– Britain began seizing U.S. ships that were shipping
goods to the French for trade.
George Washington sent John Jay to Britain to
attempt to settle the dispute
Jay’s Treaty
• British refused to stop seizing U.S. ships because
they knew we depended heavily on trade with
the British.
• They agreed to create an international trade
commission to hear merchant complaints
• The British insisted on creating a commission that
would hear the complaints of the British that
wanted repayment of their revolutionary war
debts from U.S
• They did give the U.S. “favored status” which
meant that we could keep trading with Britain
Pickney’s Treaty
• Thomas Pickney’s Treaty
Spain joined French in battle with British.
Spain feared (after Jay’s treaty) that the U.S.
was joining Britain in the war. Spain controlled
Florida and the territory west of the
Mississippi River. Spain feared that together
the U.S. and Britain would attempt to seize its
North American land holdings. So, Spain
wanted to negotiate with the U.S.
Pinckney’s Treaty
• Spain agreed to allow U.S rights to use the
Mississippi river and to trade in the Port of
New Orleans and established the northern
border of Florida as the 31st parallel.
Washington’s Farewell Address
• September 19, 1796
• NO POLITICAL PARTIES
• NO POLITICAL ALLIANCES WITH FOREIGN
COUNTRIES
Election of 1796
• Federalist nominated John Adams
• Democrat-Republicans nominated Thomas
Jefferson.
Adams won
• President Adams had to deal with the French
aggression against the U.S. after Jay’s treaty.
the French start seizing our ships now.
– Many Federalists wanted to declare war against
the French.
We began seizing the French ships. Became known
as the Quazi War.
• Federalist
– Alien and Sedition Acts.
• People living the country that were not citizens could
not become citizens for 14 years. (many were from
France and Britain and generally supported the
democrat-republicans)
• The President could deport them without a trial
• It became a federal crime to speak or print anything
bad about the government or federal official
• Because of the bad decisions by FederalistThomas Jefferson won the election of 1800
and Adams was not re-elected
Jefferson’s Presidency
• Jefferson wanted to lessen the control the
federal government had.
– The Federalist and Adams( during his term as
President)Passed the Judiciary Act of 1801( just
before Adams was leaving office). This act created
16 new federal judgeships. Adams filled them full
of federalist in the hopes to block anything
Jefferson tried to do.
• One of Jefferson’s first acts was to repeal the
Judiciary Act of 1801. But he couldn’t
Constitutionally remove the judges but…
– William Marbury was one of the Judges elected by
Adams to be a justice of the peace but had not yet
been sworn in by Adams before Adams left office.
Jefferson instructed James Madison( who was
now Secretary of State) to not swear Marbury in.
Therefore, his judgeship would be void. Marbury
Sued
Marbury V Madison
• Marbury’s case went to the Supreme Court.
– Supreme court ruled in favor of Madison( even
though the majority of the judges were Federalist)
They said that Marbury should have been given
his judgeship BUT- the Supreme Court has no
Constitutional right to rule on cases like this based
on the Judiciary Act of 1789 being very specific
about the fact that it was unconstitutional for
them to issue writs. This est. idea of JUDICIAL
REVIEW
Judicial Review
• The power by the Supreme Court to
determine if laws passed by Congress are
Constitutional and if not strike them down.
This gave the Supreme Court a lot of power
Louisiana Purchase
• 1803 Napolean the Emperor of France was
wanting to conquer the world. He needed money.
He had negotiated the Louisiana territory away
from Spain in 1800.
• U.S. bought this territory for a total of 15 million
dollars( 11.25 million for territory and 3.75
million to pay off French debts owed to America).
We originally were going to by New Orleans for
$5 million but then Napoleon need more money.
Lewis and Clark
• Merriwether Lewis and William Clark headed
up the Missouri River in 1804. Were led by
Sacagawea to explore the new territory
• Jefferson funded much of the expedition
himself
• Essex Junto
– New England Federalist talked about seceding
from the United States after the Louisiana
Purchase. They feared with the new states that
would arise they would lose power and influence.
Did not do it. Aaron Burr decided to run for
governor of New York to strengthen New York’s
power. Alexander Hamilton publicly spoke out
against Burr. Burr challenged Hamilton to a dual.
Hamilton was killed
Trade Restrictions and War of 1812
• Jefferson re-elected in 1804. France and England
still fighting. U.S got sick of it and passed
Embargo Act of 1807 stopping trade with Europe.
This hurt U.S. merchants.
• War Hawks-wanted to attack the British over all
of this
• War of 1812- U.S against Britain. Primarily we
wanted Canada and for British to stop attacking
our trade ships and allow us to trade with other
European Countries
• War ended in 1814
• Andrew Jackson becomes famous because he
led U.S forces in the battle of New Orleans
that stopped the British from advancing.
Federalist party was destroyed over its lack of
support of the war.
• Treaty of Ghent 1814 officially ended war
• James Monroe elected President in 1816
(James Madison was President after Jefferson
from 1809-1817)
– Era of Good Feeling
Second Bank of the United States- in 1811 ( when
the 20 year charter was up on the 1st bank) the
Republicans had blocked the renewal of the
charter. No National bank was disastrous.
• Second Bank of the United States was
proposed in 1816 by John C. Calhoun. Bill
passed and James Madison signed it before he
left office.
McCulloch v Maryland
• Maryland attempts to tax the Federal bank in
Baltimore.
– Justice John Marshall said the federal govt does
have right to establish Fed. Bank because of
“necessary and proper” clause. Also, that federal
government is superior to state government.