Transcript Chemistry

Chemistry
What is it!
Ideas please…
• What is chemistry?
• Why would you study it (what job
could you get out of chemistry)
What is Chemistry
• If it moves, it's biology.
• If it doesn't work, it's physics.
• If it stinks, it's chemistry.
• If it’s all three it’s a pupil
If it doesn’t work, its physics
Chemistry
Seriously Now!!
Chemistry
• Persian ‫( کیمیا‬Kimia)
Chemistry
• Greek χημεία (Khemeia)
– Alchemy
History
• Burning.
History
• Metallurgy
– Purifcation
– Alloys
Alchemy
• Common Perception
– Liars
– Concocting potions
Alchemy
• Scholars
Alchemy
• attempted to explore the nature of
chemical substances and processes.
History
• Periodic Table
Chemistry
• noun (pl. chemistries)
– 1 the branch of science concerned with
the properties and interactions of the
substances of which matter is
composed.
– 2 the chemical properties of a
substance or body.
– 3 attraction or interaction between two
people.
Chemistry
• Interactions of atoms and electrons.
Nobel Prize
Chemistry Winners
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
– Netherlands
– for his discovery of the laws of
chemical dynamics
– osmotic pressure in solutions
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1902 Hermann Emil Fischer
– Germany
– Work on sugar and purine syntheses
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1903 Svante August Arrhenius
– Sweden
– Electrolytic theory of dissociation
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1904 Sir William Ramsay
– United Kingdom
– Discovery of the inert gaseous
elements in air
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf
von Baeyer
– Germany
– work on organic dyes and
hydroaromatic compounds
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1906 Henri Moissan
– France
– Investigation and isolation of the
element fluorine, and for the electric
furnace named after him
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1907 Eduard Buchner
– Germany
– for his biochemical research
– Discovery of cell-free fermentation
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1908 Ernest Rutherford
– New Zealand United Kingdom
– For investigations into the
disintegration of the elements,
– And the chemistry of radioactive
substances
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald
– Germany
– Work on catalysis
– And for his investigations into chemical
equilibria and rates of reaction
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1910 Otto Wallach
– Germany
– for his work in the field of alicyclic
compounds
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1911 Maria Skłodowska-Curie
– Poland France
– Discovery of radium and polonium
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1912 Victor Grignard
– France
– for his the discovery of the Grignard
reagent
• Paul Sabatier
– France
– for his method of hydrogenating
organic compounds
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1913 Alfred Werner
– Switzerland
– for his work on the linkage of atoms in
molecules
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1914 Theodore William Richards
– United States
– Determinations of the atomic weight of
a large number of elements
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1915 Richard Martin Willstätter
– Germany
– for his research on plant pigments
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1916 no award
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1917 no award
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1918 Fritz Haber
– Germany
– for his synthesis of ammonia
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1919 no award
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1920 Walther Hermann Nernst
– Germany
– for his work in thermochemistry
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1921 Frederick Soddy
– United Kingdom
– for his work on the chemistry of
radioactive substances
– Investigations into isotopes
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1922 Francis William Aston
– United Kingdom
– For the discovery of isotopes in a large
number of non-radioactive elements,
and for his whole-number rule
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1923 Fritz Pregl
– Austria
– for his invention of the method of
micro-analysis of organic substances
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
– Germany
– for his demonstration of the
heterogeneous nature of colloid
solutions and the methods used
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1926 Theodor Svedberg
– Sweden
– for his work on disperse systems
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland
– Germany
– for his investigations of the bile acids
and related substances
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
– Germany
– for his research into sterols and their
connection with vitamins
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1929 Arthur Harden Hans Karl
August
and Simon von Euler-Chelpin
– United Kingdom Sweden
– for their investigations on the
fermentation of sugar and fermentative
enzymes
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1930 Hans Fischer
– Germany
– for his research into haemin and
chlorophyll
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1931 Carl Bosch and Friedrich
Bergius
– Germany and France
– for their synthesis of new radioactive
elements
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1936 Petrus (Peter) Josephus
Wilhelmus Debye
– Netherlands
– for his work on molecular structure
through investigations on dipole
moments and the diffraction of X-rays
and electrons in gases
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1937 Walter Norman Haworth
– United Kingdom
– for his work on carbohydrates and
vitamin C"Paul KarrerSwitzerland"for
his work on carotenoids, flavins and
vitamins A and B2
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1938 Richard Kuhn
– Germany
– for his work on carotenoids and
vitamins
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann
Butenandt
– Germany
– for his work on sex hormones
• and Leopold Ružička
– Switzerland
– for his work on polymethylenes and
higher terpenes
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1940 no award
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1941 no award
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1942 no award
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1943 George de Hevesy
– Hungary
– for his work on the use of isotopes as
tracers to study chemical processes
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1944 Otto Hahn
– Germany
– for his discovery of the fission of heavy
nuclei
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
– Finland
– for his research and inventions in
agricultural and nutrition chemistry,
especially for his fodder preservation
method
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1946 James Batcheller Sumner
– United States
– for his discovery that enzymes can be
crystallized
• John Howard Northrop
• Wendell Meredith Stanley
– United States
– for their preparation of enzymes and
virus proteins in a pure form
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1947 Sir Robert Robinson
– United Kingdom
– for his investigations on plant products,
especially the alkaloids
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
• Sweden
• for his research on electrophoresis
and adsorption analysis
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1949 William Francis Giauque
– United States
– for his contributions in the field of
chemical thermodynamics
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels and
Kurt Alder
– West Germany
– for their discovery and development of
the diene synthesis. Diels-Alder
reaction.
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan and
Glenn Theodore Seaborg
– United States
– the discovery in the chemistry of
transuranium elements
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1952 Archer John Porter Martin and
Richard Laurence Millington Synge
– United Kingdom
– for their invention of partition
chromatography
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1953 Hermann Staudinger
– West Germany
– for his discoveries in the field of
macromolecular chemistry
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1954 Linus Carl Pauling
– United States
– for his research into the nature of the
chemical bond
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud
– United States
– for his work on sulphur compounds,
especially the first synthesis of a
polypeptide hormone
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
and
Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов
– United Kingdom and Soviet Union
– for their research into the mechanism
of chemical reactions
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1957 Sir Alexander Todd
– United Kingdom
– for his work on nucleotides and
nucleotide co-enzymes
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1958 Frederick Sanger
– United Kingdom
– for his work on the structure of
proteins, especially insulin
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský
– Czechoslovakia
– for his discovery and development of
the polarographic methods of analysis
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1960 Willard Frank Libby
– United States
– for his method to use carbon-14 for
age determination
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1961 Melvin Calvin
– United States
– for his research on carbon dioxide
assimilation in plants
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz and
John Cowdery Kendrew
– United Kingdom
– for their studies of the structures of
globular proteins
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1963 Karl Ziegler and Giulio
NattaWest
– Germany and Italy
– for their discoveries relating to high
polymers
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
– United Kingdom
– for her determinations by X-ray
techniques of the structures of
important biochemical substances
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1965 Robert Burns Woodward
– United States
– for his achievements in organic
synthesis
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1966 Robert Sanderson Mulliken
– United States
– for his work concerning chemical
bonds and the electronic structure of
molecules
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1967 Manfred Eigen and Ronald G.
W. Norrish
and George Porter
– United Kingdom and West Germany
– for their studies of extremely fast
chemical reactions, effected by
disturbing the equilibrium by means of
very short pulses of energy
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1968 Lars Onsager
– Norway United States
– for the discovery of the reciprocal
relations bearing his name
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1969 Derek H. R. Barton and
Odd Hassel
– United Kingdom and Norway
– for their contributions to the
development of the concept of
conformation
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1970 Luis F. Leloir
– Argentina
– for his discovery of sugar nucleotides
and their role in the biosynthesis of
carbohydrates
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1971 Gerhard Herzberg
– Canada
– for his contributions to electronic
structure and the geometry of
molecules, particularly free radicals
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen
– United States
– for his work on ribonuclease, especially
concerning the connection between the amino
acid sequence and the biologically active
conformation
• Stanford Moore and William H. Stein
– United States
– for their contribution to the understanding of
the connection between chemical structure
and catalytic activity of the active centre of the
ribonuclease molecule
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer
and Geoffrey Wilkinson
– West Germany United Kingdom
– for their pioneering work, performed
independently, on the chemistry of the
organometallic, so called sandwich
compounds
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1974 Paul J. Flory
– United States
– for his fundamental work, both
theoretical and experimental, in the
physical chemistry of macromolecules
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1975 John Warcup Cornforth
– Australia
United Kingdom
– for his work on the stereochemistry of
enzyme-catalyzed reactions
• Vladimir Prelog
– Switzerland
– for his research into the stereochemistry of
organic molecules and reactions
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1976 William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr.
• United States
• for his studies on the structure of
boranes illuminating problems of
chemical bonding
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1977 Ilya Prigogine
– Belgium
– for his contributions to non-equilibrium
thermodynamics, particularly the theory
of dissipative structures
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1978 Peter D. Mitchell
– United Kingdom
– for his contribution to the
understanding of biological energy
transfer through the formulation of the
chemiosmotic theory
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1979 Herbert C. Brown and Georg
Wittig
– United States and West Germany
– for their development of the use of
boron- and phosphorus-containing
compounds, respectively, into reagents
in organic synthesis
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1980 Paul Berg
– United States
– for his fundamental studies of the
biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular
regard to recombinant-DNA
• Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger
– United States andUnited Kingdom
– for their contributions concerning the
determination of base sequences in nucleic
acids
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1981 福井謙一 and Roald Hoffmann
– Japan and United States
– for their theories concerning the course
of chemical reactions
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1982 Aaron Klug
– South Africa
United Kingdom
– for his development of crystallographic
electron microscopy and his structural
elucidation of biologically important
nucleic acid-protein complexes
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1983 Henry Taube
– United States
– for his work on the mechanisms of
electron transfer reactions
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield
– United States
– for his development of methodology for
chemical synthesis on a solid matrix
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman
and Jerome Karle
– United States
– for their achievements in developing
direct methods for the determination of
crystal structures
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach and 李
遠哲 and John C. Polanyi
– United States, Taiwan - United States
and Canada
– for their contributions concerning the
dynamics of chemical elementary
processes
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1987 Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie
Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen
– United States and France
– for their development and use of
molecules with structure-specific
interactions of high selectivity
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert
Huber and Hartmut Michel
– West Germany
– for their determination of the threedimensional structure of a
photosynthetic reaction centre
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1989 Sidney Altman
and Thomas R. Cech
– Canada United States and United
States
– for their discovery of catalytic
properties of RNA
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1990 Elias James Corey
– United States
– for his development of the theory and
methodology of organic synthesis
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1991 Richard R. Ernst
– Switzerland
– for his contributions to the development
of high resolution nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus
– United States
– for his contributions to the theory of
electron transfer reactions in chemical
systems
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1993 Kary B. Mullis
– United States
– for his invention of the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) method
• Michael Smith
– Canada
– for his fundamental contributions to the
establishment of oligonucleotide-based, sitedirected mutagenesis and its development for
protein studies
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1994 George A. Olah
– Hungary United States
– for his contribution to carbocation
chemistry
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1995 Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J.
Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland
– Netherlands, Mexico and United States
– for their work in atmospheric chemistry,
in particular ozone depletion
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1996 Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto
and Richard Smalley
• United Kingdom, United States"for
their discovery of fullerenes
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1997 Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker
– United States and United Kingdom
– for their elucidation of the enzymatic
mechanism underlying the synthesis of
adenosine triphosphate
• Jens C. Skou
– Denmark
– for his discovery of an ion-transporting
enzyme, Na+/K+-ATPase
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1998 Walter Kohn
– United States
– for his development of the density
functional theory
• John A. Pople
– United Kingdom
– for his development of computational
methods in quantum chemistry
Nobel Prize Winners
• 1999 ‫أحمد زویل‬
– Egypt United States
– for his studies of the transition states of
chemical reactions using femtosecond
spectroscopy
Nobel Prize Winners
• 2000 Alan J. Heeger, Alan G
MacDiarmid, 白川英樹
– United States, New Zealand, Japan
– for their discovery and development of
conductive polymers
Nobel Prize Winners
• 2001 William S. Knowles and 野依良治
– United States, Japan
– for their work on chirally catalysed
hydrogenation reactions
• K. Barry Sharpless
– United States
– for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation
reactions" see Sharpless asymmetric
dihydroxylation
Nobel Prize Winners
• 2002 John B. Fenn and 田中耕一
– United States and Japan
– for their development of soft desorption
ionisation methods for mass spectrometric
analyses of biological macromolecules
• Kurt Wüthrich
– Switzerland
– for his development of nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy for determining the
three-dimensional structure of biological
macromolecules in solution
Nobel Prize Winners
• 2003 Peter Agre
– United States
– for the discovery of water channels
• Roderick MacKinnon
– United States
– for structural and mechanistic studies
of ion channels
Nobel Prize Winners
• 2004 Aaron Ciechanover, Avram
Hershko and Irwin Rose
– Israel and United States
– for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated
protein degradation
Nobel Prize Winners
• 2005 Robert Grubbs, Richard
Schrock and Yves Chauvin
– United States and France"for the
development of the metathesis method
in organic synthesis
Nobel Prize Winners
• 2006 Roger D. Kornberg
– United States
– for his studies of the molecular basis of
eukaryotic transcription
Nobel Prize Winners
• 2007 Gerhard Ertl
– Germany
– for his studies of chemical processes
on solid surfaces"
Subdisceplines
The Area’s of specific Interest
Subdisciplines
• Analytical Chemistry
Subdisciplines
• Biochemistry
Subdisciplines
• Inorganic Chemistry
That which is left over after
the organic, analytical, and
physical chemists get through
picking over the periodic
table.
Subdisciplines
• Organic Chemistry
Subdisciplines
• Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry: The
pitiful attempt to apply
y=mx+b to everything in
the universe.
Subdisciplines
• Theoretical Chemistry
Subdisciplines
• Atmospheric Chemistry
Employment Opportunities
What can we get paid to do!!
Employment Opportunities!
• Research
Employment Opportunities!
• Analytical
Employment Opportunities!
• Education
Employment Opportunities!
• Industry
–
Employment Opportunities!
• Pretty much anything!
– Police
– Quality Control
– Technician
– Water management
The Future!
• Materials
The Future!
• Power
– Batteries
The Future!
• Solvents
The Future!
• Theatre
– Smoke fluids
– Flame simulation
– Fluorescent Compounds for safety.
What makes you a chemist
Well…
You Might Be a Chemist if:
• You carry your lab safety goggles
around with you at all times, just in
case...
You Might Be a Chemist if:
• You start disagreeing with scientific
points in films and correct them at
every possible moment
You Might be a Chemist if:
• you no longer ask for disinfectant,
you ask for acetaminophenol.
You Might be a Chemist if:
• you start referring to the smell of nail
polish remover as an acetone smell.
You Might be a Chemist if:
• you don't drink water, you drink H2O.
You Might be a Chemist if:
• you become very agitated when
people refer to air as Oxygen, and
proceed to list all of the components
of air
You Might be a Chemist if:
• you think a mole is a unit of amount,
rather than a small furry animal in
your lawn
Thank You For Listening
– Bibliography –
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry
New Scientist Issues from 2004 – 8th Feb
2007
Analytical Chemistry – Higson
Physical Chemistry – Atikins & dePaula
Inorganic Chemistry – Shriver & Atkins
Organic Chemistry – Claydon, Greaves,
Warren and Wothers
http://www.workjoke.com/projoke25.htm