Transcript 上海第二医科大学物理教研室上海第二医科大学物理教研室

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has
rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays
subsequently named after him"
Wilhelm Conrad Rötgen
Germany Munich University
Munich, Germany
b. 1845
d. 1923
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
What lay behind this
spectacular success
Röntgen took a shadowgraph of the bones of his wife
Bertha’s hand with her
wedding ring clearly visible.
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
What lay behind this
spectacular success
The medical implications were immediately realized and
the first images of fractured bones were being made by
January 1896 even though none yet knew what the
mystery rays were.
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979
"for the development of computer assisted tomography"
Allan M. Cormack
Tufts University
Medford, MA, USA
b. 1924
(in Johannesburg, South Africa)
d. 1998
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Central Research
Laboratories, EMI
London, United Kingdom b.
b. 1919
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979

Neither of this year's laureates in
physiology or medicine is a medical
doctor. Nevertheless, they have
achieved a revolution in the field of
medicine
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
X-CT

Shortcomings of conventional X-ray

Methods of X-CT

First Imaging of X-CT

Application
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
Picture of the first brain scanned on the
laboratory machine
Picture of the first brain scanned
on Laboratory machine
Laboratory machine, showing X-ray tube and detector traversing
along a lathe bed across a human brain. At the end of the stroke
the brain would be rotated 1” and the traverse would be repeated.
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
First clinical prototype brain scanner installed
at Atkinson Morley’s Hospital, London
In 1972 the first patient was scanned by this machine. She was a
woman who had a suspected brain lesion, and the picture showed
clearly in detail a dark circular cyst in the brain
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
New era in Radiology

In those images, we will be able to discern not only
structure, but also function, physiology, or
biochemistry. In this, new voyages of discovery are
being prepared:
voyages into man's own interior, into inner space.
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has
today decided to award The Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine for 2003
jointly to
Paul C Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield
for their discoveries concerning
"magnetic resonance imaging"
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
Paul Lauterbur

Discovered that two-dimensional images could be
produced by introduction of gradients in the
magnetic field.

By analysis of the characteristics of the emitted
radio waves, he could determine their origin. This
made it possible to build up two-dimensional
pictures of structures that could not be visualized
with other methods.
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
Peter Mansfield


Discovered that use of gradients in the magnetic
field gave signals that rapidly and effectively could
be analyzed and transformed to an image.
Mansfield also showed how extremely rapid imaging
could be achieved by very fast gradient variations
(EPI). This approach became possible in clinical
practice a decade later.
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
Summary

Imaging with exact and non-invasive methods
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Discoveries of importance to medicine
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Rapid development within medicine

valuable for examination of the brain and the spinal
cord

Important preoperative tool

Improved diagnostics in cancer

Reduced suffering for patients
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
MRI
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室
MRI of the neck. The red arrow
indicates a disk herniation bulging
into the spinal canal.
MRI of a patient with MS
(multiple sclerosis). The
white round spots represent
characteristic MS-plaques
上海第二医科大学 物理教研室