Transcript Goal 9 Notes

UNIT XVI NOTES
Turmoil of the 1960’s
The Kennedy/Johnson Years
(1960-1963)
Election of 1960
- Television image proved a powerful weapon in
deciding this election
– Defense spending was the key issue in this election
In President John Kennedy's inaugural address, he
pledged that the United States would "pay any
price, bear any burden, meet any hardship,
support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to
assure the survival and the success of liberty." In
the same address, he also said, "Ask not what your
country can do for you;, ask what you can do for
your country."
• During the Cold War era, millions of Americans
served in the military, defending freedom in wars
and conflicts that were not always popular. Many
were killed or wounded. As a result of their
service, the United States and American ideals of
democracy and freedom ultimately prevailed in
the Cold War struggle with Soviet communism.
Nov 1963
- President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 in
Dallas, Texas, in an event that shook the nation’s
confidence and began a period of internal strife
and divisiveness, especially spurred by divisions
over U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
Great Society
- President Johnson’s
program that declared
a “war on poverty”
Medicare
- a health insurance
program for those who
are 65 or older.
Medicaid
a health insurance program
for those under 18 who
can’t afford it
George Wallace
- 1968 presidential
candidate who argued
against busing of school
children for racial
integration, expanding
government regulations
and social programs, and
soft treatment of rioters
and demonstrators were
destroying America.
Nixon was elected in 1968
- Supported nuclear
energy to wean the U.S.
off its dependency on
foreign oil.
- Believed civil rights had
gone too far.
- Moon landing happened
during his presidency in
1969.
Change in America: The Civil Rights
Movement
Desegregation of the armed forces
- President Harry Truman was
responsible for helping to
desegregate the entire armed
forces.
Civil Disobedience
- a strategy for causing social change by means of
non-violent resistance to unfair law.
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP)
- this organization challenged
segregation in the courts.
Thurgood Marshall – member
of the NAACP Legal
Defense Team  later
became the First African
American Supreme Court
Justice
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
- Supreme Court decision that
segregated schools were
unequal and must
desegregate
- Change in the “separate but
equal” interpretation of Plessy
v. Ferguson to mandate
integration of schools
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
- was a boycott of the bus
system in Montgomery, AL
intended to oppose the
city's policy of racial
segregation on its public
transportation system
- Rosa Parks – was the
woman who helped start
the boycott when she
refused to give up her bus
seat and was arrested.
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
- Considered the start of the
Civil Rights Movement
Little Rock Nine (1957)
- was a group of
students who helped
to desegregate at
Central High School in
Little Rock, Arkansas.
- Orval Faubus was the
Governor of Arkansas
who led the white
citizens who were
against the Civil Rights
movement.
Little Rock Nine (1957)
- President Eisenhower
sent in federal troops to
help the students go to
class.
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC) (1957)
- It was founded it by Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr. to
improve voter registration.
Martin Luther King Jr. –
believed in non-violent
resistance and was a
great speaker.
Greensboro Four (1960)
- are North Carolina A&T
students who staged a
sit-in at Woolworth’s
dept store, where the
lunch counter served
only whites.
- sit-in – a strategy of
non-violent protest in
which a group entered
a public place and
refused to leave.
United Farm Workers of America
(1962)
- formed to help MexicanAmerican workers get
fair treatment.
Caesar Chavez – was
concerned with the
discrimination
toward Mexican
Americans and
founded the UFWA
March on Washington (1963)
- was a demonstration in
Washington DC called by
African American
leaders to show support
for President Kennedy’s
Civil Rights Bill. There
were over 200,000
people under the
leadership of Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr.
-
March on Washington (1963)
- was a demonstration in
Washington DC called by
African American
leaders to show support
for President Kennedy’s
Civil Rights Bill. There
were over 200,000
people under the
leadership of Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr.
-
March on Washington (1963)
- Participants were
inspired by the “I have a
dream” speech given by
Martin Luther King.
March on Washington (1963)
March on Washington (1963)
- Participants were
inspired by the “I have a
dream” speech given by
Martin Luther King.
- The march helped
influence public opinion
to support civil rights
legislation.
- The march demonstrated
the power of non-violent,
mass protest.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
- was a federal law that barred
discrimination in employment
and public facilities and
prohibited discrimination
based on race, religion,
national origin, and gender.
- It also desegregated public
accommodations.
- President Lyndon B. Johnson
played an important role in the
passage of the act.
Nixon was elected in 1968
- Supported nuclear
energy to wean the U.S.
off its dependency on
foreign oil.
- Believed civil rights had
gone too far.
- Moon landing happened
during his presidency in
1969.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
- a federal law that put voter registration under
government control.
- This act outlawed literacy tests.
- Federal registrars were sent to the South to register
voters.
- The act resulted in an increase in African American
voters.
- President Lyndon B. Johnson also played an important
role in the passage of this act.
24th amendment (1964)
- increased the ability of blacks to vote by
eliminating the poll tax.
Watts Riots (1965)
- In the summer of 1965, there were many racial
riots. The most famous was the Watts in Los
Angeles
Swann v. Charlotte- Mecklenberg
(1971)
- was the court case that
ordered Busing to
desegregate the public
schools in the CharlotteMecklenburg area.
Black Power
- an African American
movement that focused
on gaining control of
economic and political
power to achieve equal
rights by force if
necessary.
Malcolm X
- championed black
separatism and called
for freedom to be
brought by any
means necessary. 
killed in 1965 for his
disagreement with
Black Muslims.
Black Panthers (1966-1976)
- a black community
organization that
promoted selfdetermination for
blacks.
– They said that blacks
could not trust white
police officers to
protect them.
American Indian Movement (AIM)
(1973)
- a Native American
group that protested
the problems faced
by Native Americans
on the reservations.
– They did this at
Wounded Knee in
1973.
Termination
Baker vs. Carr or Wesberry v.
Sander (1962-64)
- the court case that
dealt with the “one
person one vote”
philosophy.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
- said that the states
must provide poor
defendants with a
lawyer.
Woodstock
- big music festival in a
town in New York
where drugs were used
and people stayed for
three days in 1969
VISTA (Volunteers in Services to
America)
- put young people with
the skills and
community-minded
ideals to work in poor
neighborhoods and
rural areas to help
people overcome
poverty.
Peace Corps
- an organization that
sent young Americans to
perform humanitarian
services in third world
countries
Silent Spring
- book written by Rachel
Carson that was
concerned about
pollution.  helped
form Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
Women liberation
- a movement that happened in the 1960s to get
women equal pay and to get women to think of
themselves as equals.