Transcript Launching the New Nation - Cherokee County Schools

George Washington becomes the first
president. President Thomas Jefferson doubles
U.S. territory with the Louisiana Purchase. The
U.S. fights the British in the War of 1812.
LAUNCHING THE NEW
NATION
Forming the new Government
 Secretary of State – handled
relations with other countries
(Thomas Jefferson)
 Secretary of War – Military
(Henry Knox)
 Secretary of Treasury – raised
money and handled government
finances (Alexander Hamilton)
 Washington added attorney
general these
– Attorney General – advised the
government on legal matters
(Edmund Randolph)
 Department heads became
President’s Cabinet
Hamilton and
Jefferson in Conflict
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
 Hamilton- strong central
government led by
wealthy, educated
 Hamilton had Northern
support;
 Support new taxes and
tariffs..
 Support strong army and
navy
THOMAS JEFFERSON
 Jefferson - strong state,
local government;
people’s participation
 Jefferson had Southern,
Western
 Oppose new taxes and
tariffs
 Opposed strong central
government
Hamilton’s financial plan
 Influenced by Adam Smith
 Capital – money for investment
 Capitalism – Economic system that calls for privately owned
businesses allowing
competition and free market to determine production and price
 Plan had 3 main proposals
 National Government would pay both all of the country’s debts
- Creditors wouldn’t want the government to collapse
 Tariffs would be used to raise government revenue
- Encourage people to buy American goods
 Creation of a Bank of the United States
- Funded by government, private investors
- Issue paper money, handle taxes
- Would provide the national government with a safe place to keep and
borrow money
 Disagreement over Congressional authority to establish bank
 Debate began over strict and loose interpretation of Constitution
OPPOSITION>>>>>
 Southern states opposed the national
government paying off all the debts
- They had already paid off their debts
 Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
opposed the National Bank
- Believed in land wealth
Constitutional Interpretation
Strict construction –
government has only the
power that the
constitution clearly says it
has
 Alexander Hamilton
(Federalist)
- Believed in money
wealth
Loose construction
 government can do
anything the constitution
doesn’t specifically says it
cannot do.
Political Parties
Differences between Hamilton and Jefferson led to
the creation of parties
Democrat-Republican party
Formed by Thomas
Jefferson., James
Madison, James Monroe
2. Wanted the states to
have more power
3. Strict construction
The Federalist
John Adams, Alexander
Hamilton
2. Wanted a strong
national; government
3. Loose construction
 Two-party system major
parties compete for
power
Whiskey Rebellion
 1794 – government put tax on whiskey
 Excise tax charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or
distribution
 Most farmers made their grain into whiskey (easier to
transport to market
- Used it like money to buy other goods
 Farmers felt the tax was unfair
 1794 - Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay excise tax on
whiskey
- Beat up federal marshals, threaten secession
 Government sent troops and put down the rebellion
 Showed that the national government had the power and
will to enforce its laws
Whiskey Rebellion
French Revolution causes an
uproar in the U.S.
Reactions to the French Revolution
- 1793 – Revolution turned bloody (based on ideas of
American Revolution )
- European monarchs joined together to stop revolution
Divided Americans
 Federalists pro-British
- Alexander Hamilton - Believed that America needed to
stay on good terms with Great Britain
 Democratic-Republicans pro-French
- Thomas Jefferson – Believed the move to crush the
revolution was an attack on liberty everywhere
 1793 – Washington declared neutrality, would not
support either side
Politics…… Who do we side
with…
Reactions to the French Revolution
- 1793 – Revolution turned bloody
- European monarchs joined together to stop revolution
Divided Americans
 Federalists pro-British
- Alexander Hamilton - Believed that America needed to
stay on good terms with Great Britain
 Democratic-Republicans pro-French
- Thomas Jefferson – Believed the move to crush the
revolution was an attack on liberty everywhere
 Jay’s treaty – a mistake, called this and angered many
Washington Retires…
 Retired after 2nd term
(set precedent)
 Farewell address
– Warned the country not to
form political parties
– Advised the county to stay
neutral in foreign affairs
- Warned about sectionalism..
WASHINGTON’s SPEECH
 Washington’s written
farewell
 Washington on
Political parties.
Election of 1796
 First Party-Based
Elections
 John Adams became the
2nd president (Federalist)
 Thomas Jefferson
became V.P. (Democratic
Republican)
- Finished 2nd
 Result of sectionalism,
placing regional interests
above nation
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XYZ AFFAIR
A diplomatic incident that almost led to war between the United States and France. The scandal
inflamed U.S. public opinion and led to the passage of the ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
The affair took place during one of the Napoleonic wars between France and Great Britain. The
French regarded the United States as a hostile nation, particularly after the signing of Jay's Treaty in
1794. This treaty settled some of the problems that continued to cause friction between the United
States and Great Britain after the peace treaty of 1783 that granted the colonies independence.
Consequently, President JOHN ADAMS appointed Charles Pinckney minister to France in 1796 in an
attempt to ease French-U.S. relations.
After, the French foreign minister, refused to recognize Pinckney, Adams appointed a commission to
France, consisting of Pinckney, JOHN MARSHALL, and Elbridge Gerry. Before official negotiations
on a treaty to establish peaceful relations and normalize trade could occur, they sent three French
agents to meet with the commission members. The agents suggested that would agree to the treaty if
he received from the United States a $250,000 bribe and France received a $10 million loan. The
commission refused, with Pinckney quoted as saying, "No! No! Not a sixpence!"
Outraged, the commission sent a report to Adams, who inserted the letters X, Y, and Z in place of the
agents' names and forwarded the report to Congress. Congress and the public were angered at the
attempted blackmail. An undeclared naval war took place between the two nations between 1798 and
1800. Anticipating a declared war with France, Congress enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts. These
internal security laws were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were thought to be supportive
of France. The acts lengthened the period of naturalization for ALIENS, authorized the president to
expel any alien considered dangerous, permitted the detention of subjects of an enemy nation, and
limited FREEDOM OF THE PRESS.
Alien & Sedition Acts
Alien & Sedition acts..
 Many Federalists feared French plot to overthrow U.S. government
 Federalists suspicious of immigrants
- Many were active Democratic-Republicans
- Some were critical of Adams
 Federalists push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Congress
 Alien Acts raise residence requirements for citizenship
- New citizens had to be in the U.S. 14 years before they could become
citizen (Changed from 5 years)
- Permit deportation, jail
 Also outlawed criticism of the government
- Sedition Act set fines& jail terms for hindering or lying about
government
- Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, politicians were
jailed
 Federalist were trying to maintain power
- Most new immigrants were Republicans
Virginia & Kentucky
Resolutions…
 Democratic Republicans challenged the Alien and Sedition
Acts with State’s Rights Theory
- Said states had the right to judge whether or not a law
passed Congress was unconstitutional
 Jefferson, Madison saw Alien and Sedition Acts as
misuse of power
 Organized opposition in Virginia, Kentucky legislatures
 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions called Sedition acts
a violation of First Amendment rights
 Nullification—states have right to void laws deemed
unconstitutional
 Congress let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire
Election of 1800……
1st bitter campaign wild charges hurled
- Adams was too rich who wanted
monarchy
- Jefferson was dangerous supporter of
French Revolution
Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams to
become the 3rd President
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied
House of Reps had to decide
- Alexander Hamilton convinced the
House to elect Jefferson President
- 1804 Burr challenged Hamilton to a
duel and killed him
Election of 1800 revealed flaw in electoral
process
- 1804 - 12th Amendment called for
separate ballots for the President and Vice
President
Thomas Jefferson
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Simplified the Presidency
- Did not like ceremony and show
Jefferson replaced some Federalists with
Democratic-Republicans
Believed in small government
- Cut government spending by reducing size of
military
Undid several of the Federalist programs
-Eliminated internal taxes (Whiskey)
- Reduced influence of Bank of the U.S.
Favored free trade over government-controlled
trade (tariffs)
Jefferson first to take office in new Washington,
D.C.
South dominated politics
- Northern & Federalist influence declined
Louisiana Purchase..
 U.S. became worried
about the Mississippi
River
 1800 – Napoleon
forced Spain to return
its North America
territory of Louisiana to
France in a secret
treaty
 U.S. became worried
about the Mississippi
River
 Jefferson offered to buy
New Orleans from France
(Avoid war)
 Napoleon offered to sell
all of Louisiana for $15
million (Jefferson agreed)
- Jefferson wasn’t sure it
was constitutional
 Louisiana Purchase
doubled the size of U.S.
- Gave U.S. land between
Mississippi and Rocky
Mountains
 Jefferson’s most
important act as President
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis & Clark Expedition
 Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark led Corps of
Discovery
- expedition to explore the
Missouri River and its
tributaries (Northern half of
Louisiana Territory)
 1803 - Left St. Louis
 1st American scientific
expedition
- Explorers described the land,
plants, and animals
 Wanted to find an all water
across the continent
 Sacajawea – served as an
interpreter
 1805 – Reached the mouth of
the Colombia River
WAR OF 1812
 1804 - Hard feelings
began when England and
France started capturing
American ships
- They were at war.
 Britain practiced
impressment – Drafting
by force (American sailors
into navy)
 1804 – Jefferson reelected
- Couldn’t ignore the
attacks
The beginning of the War of 1812
 Chesapeake incident
further angers Americans
- Britain opened fire on the
American frigate after it
refused to allow the British
commander to search it for
deserters
 1807 – Jefferson banned
trade with foreign nations
until they respected
American Ships
(Embargo)
- Disaster for the U.S.A.
 1808 – James
Madison (Republican)
elected president
- Changed law where
America could trade
with everybody except
France and England
War of 1812 – begins…..
 1812 – War begins –
England was still fighting
France (blockaded
American ports)
 Madison chose war
because he thought Britain
was crippling U.S. trade &
economy
 U.S. army unprepared
 British won early victories
in Detroit, Montreal
 Oliver Hazard Perry
defeated British on Lake
Erie; U.S.
 Native Americans fight on
both sides; Tecumseh
killed in battle
 The War at Sea
– U.S. navy only had 16 ships;
3 frigates
– sailed alone & scored
victories
 British blockaded U.S. ports
along east coast
 1814 – England’s war with
France ends
- Turns its full attention to the
U.S.
 1814- British raided and burn
towns along Atlantic coast
 British burned Washington D.C.
in retaliation for York, Canada
 Attacked Fort McHenry –
Francis Scott Key wrote “The
Star Spangled Banner”
TREATY OF GHENT
 Treaty of Ghent,
peace agreement
signed Christmas 1814
- Declares armistice
or end to fighting; does
not resolve all issues
- Ended the War of
1812
- No territory changed
hands (called it a tie)
1815- Commercial treaty
reopened trade between Britain
and U.S.
1817 - Rush-Bagot agreement
limited war ships on Great
Lakes
1818 - Northern boundary of
Louisiana Territory set at 49th
parallel
Both countries agreed to jointly
occupy Oregon Territory for 10
years
Battle of New Orleans
 General Andrew Jackson fought Native
Americans, gains national fame
 Jackson defeated Native Americans at Battle of
Horseshoe Bend
- Destroyed military power of Native Americans in
South
 1815- Defeated superior British force at Battle of
New Orleans
- Battle took place two weeks after the war ended
- Andrew Jackson becomes a hero by defeating
the British
Effects of the War of 1812
 War helped American and English relations
 Americans gained self respect at the Battle
of New Orleans
 England got revenge for the Revolutionary
War
Monroe Doctrine
 It was a policy that was created James
Monroe . The policy was to keep
Europeans and Asians from colonizing in
America.
 Served as the background for many
future laws and political statements..
Adams/Onis Treaty
 It confirmed the acquisition of Florida by the
US (for $5 million) and fixed a boundary line
between the US and the Spanish
Viceroyalty of New Spain, which would
shortly become Mexico.
 This along with the Monroe Doctrine – would
settle many disputes in the future